msgid "Overview of the GNU System - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation, History" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Overview of the GNU System" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The GNU operating system is a complete free software system, " "upward-compatible with Unix. GNU stands for “GNU's Not Unix.” " "It is pronounced as <a href=\"/gnu/pronunciation.html\">one syllable with a " "hard <i>g</i></a>. <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard " "Stallman</a> made the <a href=\"/gnu/initial-announcement.html\">Initial " "Announcement</a> of the GNU Project in September 1983. A longer version " "called the <a href=\"/gnu/manifesto.html\">GNU Manifesto</a> was published " "in March 1985. It has been translated into several <a " "href=\"/gnu/manifesto.html#translations\">other languages</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The name “GNU” was chosen because it met a few requirements; " "first, it was a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix,” second, " "because it was a real word, and third, it was fun to say (or <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20240420133352/http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html\"> " "sing</a>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The word “free” in “free software” pertains to <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">freedom</a>, not price. You may or may " "not pay a price to get GNU software. Either way, once you have the software " "you have four specific freedoms in using it. The freedom to run the program " "as you wish; the freedom to copy the program and give it away to your " "friends and co-workers; the freedom to change the program as you wish, by " "having full access to source code; the freedom to distribute an improved " "version and thus help build the community. (If you redistribute GNU " "software, you may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, " "or you may give away copies.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The project to develop the GNU system is called the “GNU " "Project.” The GNU Project was conceived in 1983 as a way of bringing " "back the cooperative spirit that prevailed in the computing community in " "earlier days—to make cooperation possible once again by removing the " "obstacles to cooperation imposed by the owners of proprietary software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In 1971, when Richard Stallman started his career at MIT, he worked in a " "group which used <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">free software</a> " "exclusively. Even computer companies often distributed free software. " "Programmers were free to cooperate with each other, and often did." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "By the 1980s, almost all software was <a " "href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware\">proprietary</a>, " "which means that it had owners who forbid and prevent cooperation by users. " "This made the GNU Project necessary." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Every computer user needs an operating system; if there is no free operating " "system, then you can't even get started using a computer without resorting " "to proprietary software. So the first item on the free software agenda " "obviously had to be a free operating system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We decided to make the operating system compatible with Unix because the " "overall design was already proven and portable, and because compatibility " "makes it easy for Unix users to switch from Unix to GNU." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A Unix-like operating system includes a kernel, compilers, editors, text " "formatters, mail software, graphical interfaces, libraries, games and many " "other things. Thus, writing a whole operating system is a very large job. " "We started in January 1984. The <a href=\"https://www.fsf.org/\"> Free " "Software Foundation</a> was founded in October 1985, initially to raise " "funds to help develop GNU." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "By 1990 we had either found or written all the major components except " "one—the kernel. Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was developed by " "Linus Torvalds in 1991 and made free software in 1992. Combining Linux with " "the almost-complete GNU system resulted in a complete operating system: the " "GNU/Linux system. Estimates are that tens of millions of people now use " "GNU/Linux systems, typically via <a href=\"/distros/distros.html\">GNU/Linux " "distributions</a>. The principal version of Linux now contains nonfree " "firmware “blobs”; free software activists now maintain a " "modified free version of Linux, called <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre\"> Linux-libre</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, the GNU Project is not limited to the core operating system. We " "aim to provide a whole spectrum of software, whatever many users want to " "have. This includes application software. See the <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page\">Free Software " "Directory</a> for a catalogue of free software application programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We also want to provide software for users who are not computer experts. " "Therefore we developed a <a href=\"https://www.gnome.org/\">graphical " "desktop (called GNOME)</a> to help beginners use the GNU system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We also want to provide games and other recreations. Plenty of <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game\">free games</a> are " "already available." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "How far can free software go? There are no limits, except when <a " "href=\"/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html\">laws such as the patent " "system prohibit free software</a>. The ultimate goal is to provide free " "software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do—and thus make " "proprietary software a thing of the past." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1996, 1997, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2017, 2025 Free " "Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: gnu-history.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2025-01-20 10:26+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Overview of the GNU System - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation, History" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Overview of the GNU System" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The GNU operating system is a complete free software system, " "upward-compatible with Unix. GNU stands for “GNU's Not Unix.” " "It is pronounced as <a href=\"/gnu/pronunciation.html\">one syllable with a " "hard <i>g</i></a>. <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard " "Stallman</a> made the <a href=\"/gnu/initial-announcement.html\">Initial " "Announcement</a> of the GNU Project in September 1983. A longer version " "called the <a href=\"/gnu/manifesto.html\">GNU Manifesto</a> was published " "in March 1985. It has been translated into several <a " "href=\"/gnu/manifesto.html#translations\">other languages</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The name “GNU” was chosen because it met a few requirements; " "first, it was a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix,” second, " "because it was a real word, and third, it was fun to say (or <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20240420133352/http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html\"> " "sing</a>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The word “free” in “free software” pertains to <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">freedom</a>, not price. You may or may " "not pay a price to get GNU software. Either way, once you have the software " "you have four specific freedoms in using it. The freedom to run the program " "as you wish; the freedom to copy the program and give it away to your " "friends and co-workers; the freedom to change the program as you wish, by " "having full access to source code; the freedom to distribute an improved " "version and thus help build the community. (If you redistribute GNU " "software, you may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, " "or you may give away copies.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The project to develop the GNU system is called the “GNU " "Project.” The GNU Project was conceived in 1983 as a way of bringing " "back the cooperative spirit that prevailed in the computing community in " "earlier days—to make cooperation possible once again by removing the " "obstacles to cooperation imposed by the owners of proprietary software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In 1971, when Richard Stallman started his career at MIT, he worked in a " "group which used <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">free software</a> " "exclusively. Even computer companies often distributed free software. " "Programmers were free to cooperate with each other, and often did." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "By the 1980s, almost all software was <a " "href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware\">proprietary</a>, " "which means that it had owners who forbid and prevent cooperation by users. " "This made the GNU Project necessary." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Every computer user needs an operating system; if there is no free operating " "system, then you can't even get started using a computer without resorting " "to proprietary software. So the first item on the free software agenda " "obviously had to be a free operating system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We decided to make the operating system compatible with Unix because the " "overall design was already proven and portable, and because compatibility " "makes it easy for Unix users to switch from Unix to GNU." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A Unix-like operating system includes a kernel, compilers, editors, text " "formatters, mail software, graphical interfaces, libraries, games and many " "other things. Thus, writing a whole operating system is a very large job. " "We started in January 1984. The <a href=\"https://www.fsf.org/\"> Free " "Software Foundation</a> was founded in October 1985, initially to raise " "funds to help develop GNU." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "By 1990 we had either found or written all the major components except " "one—the kernel. Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was developed by " "Linus Torvalds in 1991 and made free software in 1992. Combining Linux with " "the almost-complete GNU system resulted in a complete operating system: the " "GNU/Linux system. Estimates are that tens of millions of people now use " "GNU/Linux systems, typically via <a href=\"/distros/distros.html\">GNU/Linux " "distributions</a>. The principal version of Linux now contains nonfree " "firmware “blobs”; free software activists now maintain a " "modified free version of Linux, called <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre\"> Linux-libre</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, the GNU Project is not limited to the core operating system. We " "aim to provide a whole spectrum of software, whatever many users want to " "have. This includes application software. See the <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page\">Free Software " "Directory</a> for a catalogue of free software application programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We also want to provide software for users who are not computer experts. " "Therefore we developed a <a href=\"https://www.gnome.org/\">graphical " "desktop (called GNOME)</a> to help beginners use the GNU system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We also want to provide games and other recreations. Plenty of <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game\">free games</a> are " "already available." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "How far can free software go? There are no limits, except when <a " "href=\"/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html\">laws such as the patent " "system prohibit free software</a>. The ultimate goal is to provide free " "software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do—and thus make " "proprietary software a thing of the past." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1996, 1997, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2017, 2025 Free " "Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""