msgid "Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, " "Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that " "computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they " "use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Linux and the GNU System" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many computer users run a modified version of <a " "href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem\">the GNU system</a> every " "day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events, the version " "of GNU which is widely used today is often called “Linux,” and " "many of its users are <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\"> " "not aware</a> that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the <a " "href=\"/gnu/gnu-history.html\">GNU Project</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "For more information see also the <a " "href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, and <a " "href=\"/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html\">Why GNU/Linux?</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just a " "part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in the system " "that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that you run. " "The kernel is an essential part of an operating system, but useless by " "itself; it can only function in the context of a complete operating system. " "Linux is normally used in combination with the GNU operating system: the " "whole system is basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the " "so-called “Linux” distributions are really distributions of " "GNU/Linux." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which is " "Linux, and the whole system, which they also call “Linux.” The " "ambiguous use of the name doesn't help people understand. These users often " "think that Linus Torvalds developed the whole operating system in 1991, with " "a bit of help." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they have " "generally heard the whole system called “Linux” as well, they " "often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system after " "the kernel. For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds finished " "writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other free software " "to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason) most everything " "necessary to make a Unix-like system was already available." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "What they found was no accident—it was the not-quite-complete GNU " "system. The available <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">free " "software</a> added up to a complete system because the GNU Project had been " "working since 1984 to make one. In the <a href=\"/gnu/manifesto.html\"> GNU " "Manifesto</a> we set forth the goal of developing a free Unix-like system, " "called GNU. The <a href=\"/gnu/initial-announcement.html\"> Initial " "Announcement</a> of the GNU Project also outlines some of the original plans " "for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU was almost finished." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular program " "for a particular job. For example, Linus Torvalds set out to write a " "Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text formatter " "(TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the X Window " "System). It's natural to measure the contribution of this kind of project by " "specific programs that came from the project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way, what " "would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux " "distribution,” <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware\">GNU " "software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the total " "source code, and this included some of the essential major components " "without which there could be no system. Linux itself was about 3%. (The " "proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “main” repository of " "gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.) So if you were going to " "pick a name for the system based on who wrote the programs in the system, " "the most appropriate single choice would be “GNU.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU Project " "was not, is not, a project to develop specific software packages. It was " "not a project <a href=\"/software/gcc/\"> to develop a C compiler</a>, " "although we did that. It was not a project to develop a text editor, " "although we developed one. The GNU Project set out to develop <em>a " "complete free Unix-like system</em>: GNU." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the " "system, and they all deserve credit for their software. But the reason it " "is <em>an integrated system</em>—and not just a collection of useful " "programs—is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made a " "list of the programs needed to make a <em>complete</em> free system, and we " "systematically found, wrote, or found people to write everything on the " "list. We wrote essential but unexciting <a class=\"ftn\" " "href=\"#unexciting\">[1]</a> components because you can't have a system " "without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools, became " "popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many components that " "are not tools <a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#nottools\">[2]</a>. We even " "developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs games " "too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the " "kernel. We had also started a kernel, the <a " "href=\"/software/hurd/hurd.html\">GNU Hurd</a>, which runs on top of Mach. " "Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected; <a " "href=\"/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux.html\">the GNU Hurd started working " "reliably in 2001</a>, but it is a long way from being ready for people to " "use in general." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once " "Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU " "system. People could then <a " "href=\"https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\"> " "combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system—a " "version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The GNU/Linux system, " "in other words." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU " "components <a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#somecomponents\">[3]</a> needed " "substantial change to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a " "distribution that would work “out of the box” was a big job, " "too. It required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the " "system—a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet reached " "that point. Thus, the people who developed the various system distributions " "did a lot of essential work. But it was work that, in the nature of things, " "was surely going to be done by someone." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU " "system. The <a href=\"https://fsf.org/\">FSF</a> funded the rewriting of " "the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are well " "integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current library release " "with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage of the development of " "Debian GNU/Linux." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often " "called “distros”). Most of them include nonfree " "programs—their developers follow the <a " "href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">“open " "source” philosophy</a> associated with Linux rather than the <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">“free " "software” philosophy</a> of GNU. But there are also <a " "href=\"/distros/distros.html\">completely free GNU/Linux distros</a>. The " "FSF supports computer facilities for a few of them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of eliminating " "various nonfree programs. Nowadays, the usual version of Linux contains " "nonfree programs too. These programs are intended to be loaded into I/O " "devices when the system starts, and they are included, as long series of " "numbers, in the “source code” of Linux. Thus, maintaining free " "GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining a <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/project/linux\"> free version of Linux</a> " "too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public by using " "the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one of the " "essential major components of the system. The system as a whole is " "basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When you're talking about this " "combination, please call it “GNU/Linux.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further reference, " "this page and <a href=\"/gnu/thegnuproject.html\"> " "https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html</a> are good choices. If you " "mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further reference, <a " "href=\"https://foldoc.org/linux\">https://foldoc.org/linux</a> is a good URL " "to use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Postscripts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced a free " "Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and it was " "developed at UC Berkeley. It was nonfree in the 80s, but became free in the " "early 90s. A free operating system that exists today <a class=\"ftn\" " "href=\"#newersystems\">[4]</a> is almost certainly either a variant of the " "GNU system, or a kind of BSD system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like GNU/Linux. " "The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free software by the " "example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from GNU activists helped " "persuade them, but the code had little overlap with GNU. BSD systems today " "use some GNU programs, just as the GNU system and its variants use some BSD " "programs; however, taken as wholes, they are two different systems that " "evolved separately. The BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to " "the GNU system, and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation <a " "class=\"ftn\" href=\"#gnubsd\">[5]</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Footnotes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "" "These unexciting but essential components include the GNU assembler (GAS) " "and the linker (GLD), both are now part of the <a " "href=\"/software/binutils/\">GNU Binutils</a> package, <a " "href=\"/software/tar/\">GNU tar</a>, and many more." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "" "For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH), the PostScript interpreter <a " "href=\"/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html\">Ghostscript</a>, and the <a " "href=\"/software/libc/libc.html\">GNU C library</a> are not programming " "tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "For instance, the <a href=\"/software/libc/libc.html\">GNU C library</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "" "Since that was written, a nearly-all-free Windows-like system has been " "developed, but technically it is not at all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't " "really affect this issue. Most of the kernel of Solaris has been made free, " "but if you wanted to make a free system out of that, aside from replacing " "the missing parts of the kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or " "BSD." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "" "On the other hand, in the years since this article was written, the GNU C " "Library has been ported to several versions of the BSD kernel, which made it " "straightforward to combine the GNU system with that kernel. Just as with " "GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of GNU, and are therefore called, for " "instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the " "system. Ordinary users on typical desktops can hardly distinguish between " "GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: linux-and-gnu.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-11-02 14:27+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, " "Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that " "computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they " "use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Linux and the GNU System" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many computer users run a modified version of <a " "href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem\">the GNU system</a> every " "day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events, the version " "of GNU which is widely used today is often called “Linux,” and " "many of its users are <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\"> " "not aware</a> that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the <a " "href=\"/gnu/gnu-history.html\">GNU Project</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "For more information see also the <a " "href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, and <a " "href=\"/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html\">Why GNU/Linux?</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just a " "part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in the system " "that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that you run. " "The kernel is an essential part of an operating system, but useless by " "itself; it can only function in the context of a complete operating system. " "Linux is normally used in combination with the GNU operating system: the " "whole system is basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the " "so-called “Linux” distributions are really distributions of " "GNU/Linux." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which is " "Linux, and the whole system, which they also call “Linux.” The " "ambiguous use of the name doesn't help people understand. These users often " "think that Linus Torvalds developed the whole operating system in 1991, with " "a bit of help." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they have " "generally heard the whole system called “Linux” as well, they " "often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system after " "the kernel. For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds finished " "writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other free software " "to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason) most everything " "necessary to make a Unix-like system was already available." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "What they found was no accident—it was the not-quite-complete GNU " "system. The available <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">free " "software</a> added up to a complete system because the GNU Project had been " "working since 1984 to make one. In the <a href=\"/gnu/manifesto.html\"> GNU " "Manifesto</a> we set forth the goal of developing a free Unix-like system, " "called GNU. The <a href=\"/gnu/initial-announcement.html\"> Initial " "Announcement</a> of the GNU Project also outlines some of the original plans " "for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU was almost finished." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular program " "for a particular job. For example, Linus Torvalds set out to write a " "Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text formatter " "(TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the X Window " "System). It's natural to measure the contribution of this kind of project by " "specific programs that came from the project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way, what " "would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux " "distribution,” <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware\">GNU " "software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the total " "source code, and this included some of the essential major components " "without which there could be no system. Linux itself was about 3%. (The " "proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “main” repository of " "gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.) So if you were going to " "pick a name for the system based on who wrote the programs in the system, " "the most appropriate single choice would be “GNU.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU Project " "was not, is not, a project to develop specific software packages. It was " "not a project <a href=\"/software/gcc/\"> to develop a C compiler</a>, " "although we did that. It was not a project to develop a text editor, " "although we developed one. The GNU Project set out to develop <em>a " "complete free Unix-like system</em>: GNU." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the " "system, and they all deserve credit for their software. But the reason it " "is <em>an integrated system</em>—and not just a collection of useful " "programs—is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made a " "list of the programs needed to make a <em>complete</em> free system, and we " "systematically found, wrote, or found people to write everything on the " "list. We wrote essential but unexciting <a class=\"ftn\" " "href=\"#unexciting\">[1]</a> components because you can't have a system " "without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools, became " "popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many components that " "are not tools <a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#nottools\">[2]</a>. We even " "developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs games " "too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the " "kernel. We had also started a kernel, the <a " "href=\"/software/hurd/hurd.html\">GNU Hurd</a>, which runs on top of Mach. " "Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected; <a " "href=\"/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux.html\">the GNU Hurd started working " "reliably in 2001</a>, but it is a long way from being ready for people to " "use in general." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once " "Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU " "system. People could then <a " "href=\"https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\"> " "combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system—a " "version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The GNU/Linux system, " "in other words." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU " "components <a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#somecomponents\">[3]</a> needed " "substantial change to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a " "distribution that would work “out of the box” was a big job, " "too. It required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the " "system—a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet reached " "that point. Thus, the people who developed the various system distributions " "did a lot of essential work. But it was work that, in the nature of things, " "was surely going to be done by someone." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU " "system. The <a href=\"https://fsf.org/\">FSF</a> funded the rewriting of " "the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are well " "integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current library release " "with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage of the development of " "Debian GNU/Linux." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often " "called “distros”). Most of them include nonfree " "programs—their developers follow the <a " "href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">“open " "source” philosophy</a> associated with Linux rather than the <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">“free " "software” philosophy</a> of GNU. But there are also <a " "href=\"/distros/distros.html\">completely free GNU/Linux distros</a>. The " "FSF supports computer facilities for a few of them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of eliminating " "various nonfree programs. Nowadays, the usual version of Linux contains " "nonfree programs too. These programs are intended to be loaded into I/O " "devices when the system starts, and they are included, as long series of " "numbers, in the “source code” of Linux. Thus, maintaining free " "GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining a <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/project/linux\"> free version of Linux</a> " "too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public by using " "the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one of the " "essential major components of the system. The system as a whole is " "basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When you're talking about this " "combination, please call it “GNU/Linux.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further reference, " "this page and <a href=\"/gnu/thegnuproject.html\"> " "https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html</a> are good choices. If you " "mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further reference, <a " "href=\"https://foldoc.org/linux\">https://foldoc.org/linux</a> is a good URL " "to use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Postscripts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced a free " "Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and it was " "developed at UC Berkeley. It was nonfree in the 80s, but became free in the " "early 90s. A free operating system that exists today <a class=\"ftn\" " "href=\"#newersystems\">[4]</a> is almost certainly either a variant of the " "GNU system, or a kind of BSD system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like GNU/Linux. " "The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free software by the " "example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from GNU activists helped " "persuade them, but the code had little overlap with GNU. BSD systems today " "use some GNU programs, just as the GNU system and its variants use some BSD " "programs; however, taken as wholes, they are two different systems that " "evolved separately. The BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to " "the GNU system, and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation <a " "class=\"ftn\" href=\"#gnubsd\">[5]</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Footnotes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "" "These unexciting but essential components include the GNU assembler (GAS) " "and the linker (GLD), both are now part of the <a " "href=\"/software/binutils/\">GNU Binutils</a> package, <a " "href=\"/software/tar/\">GNU tar</a>, and many more." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "" "For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH), the PostScript interpreter <a " "href=\"/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html\">Ghostscript</a>, and the <a " "href=\"/software/libc/libc.html\">GNU C library</a> are not programming " "tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "For instance, the <a href=\"/software/libc/libc.html\">GNU C library</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "" "Since that was written, a nearly-all-free Windows-like system has been " "developed, but technically it is not at all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't " "really affect this issue. Most of the kernel of Solaris has been made free, " "but if you wanted to make a free system out of that, aside from replacing " "the missing parts of the kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or " "BSD." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "" "On the other hand, in the years since this article was written, the GNU C " "Library has been ported to several versions of the BSD kernel, which made it " "straightforward to combine the GNU system with that kernel. Just as with " "GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of GNU, and are therefore called, for " "instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the " "system. Ordinary users on typical desktops can hardly distinguish between " "GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""