# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: ICT-for-prosperity.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-01 05:26+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Shaping Collaborative ICT Development and Initiatives for Global Prosperity " "- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Shaping Collaborative ICT Development and Initiatives for Global Prosperity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Robert J. Chassell" msgstr "" #. <br /> # #. <a href="http://www.globalknowledge.org.my/"> broken link, 1apr11 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "From a presentation given at the Second Global Knowledge Conference in Kuala " "Lumpur, Malaysia, on 7 March 2000." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The title of this presentation is “Shaping Collaborative ICT " "Development and Initiatives for Global Prosperity” and the themes of " "this conference are “access,” “empowerment” and " "“governance.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "What I want to do today is take one specific technology and talk about the " "way we have shaped that technology to make it accessible and empowering, how " "we have placed it in an economic and institutional framework that encourages " "people to work collaboratively, and how to use the technology for better " "governance." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The technology is software. The shaping has to do with copyright licensing " "terms—its legal and institutional framework." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "As a founder of the Free Software Foundation, I have been working for 16 " "years with the legal and institutional framework in which we use and develop " "software. GNU/Linux, a complete software system, is the outcome of these " "efforts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "ICT, the information and communications technologies, are made up of " "hardware and software components. I am speaking here only of software. " "However, I hope we can extend our experience from this to other " "technologies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When I speak of software, I am speaking both about the programs that run the " "computer, that is to say, the operating system, and about applications, such " "as electronic mail and other communications, spreadsheets, electronic " "commerce, writing tools, sending and receiving FAXes, Web site creation, " "engineering, research, mathematical computations, modeling, image " "manipulation, and networking." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Over the last few years, the prices of computer and telecommunications " "hardware have dropped to the point that many more people are using them. " "Indeed, our conference organizers estimate that as many as one out of every " "thirty people in the world have computer-based, online telecommunications " "access." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "While one out of thirty is still a small portion of the world's population, " "this technology is popular, growing, and becoming more important in our " "daily lives. In addition, we expect that computer and telecommunications " "prices will continue to drop for at least another generation, so many who " "currently lack resources will eventually benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "As with any technology, software can be employed well or badly." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "At the moment we see both. On the bad side, we see machines that crash " "unnecessarily, email messages that waste their recipients money, systems " "that are vulnerable to simple viruses, and programs that do only part of " "what you want." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The key to good use of software is to ensure freedom. In software, this " "leads to collaboration, lower prices, reliability, efficiency, security, and " "fewer barriers to entry and use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For a good use of software technology, people must have the legal right to " "copy, study, modify, and redistribute it. All else flows from this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "GNU/Linux software gives people these rights. Programmers benefit, and more " "importantly, people who are not programmers benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example, people in an area with lousy or no telephone service can use a " "rugged package called UUCP for communications. I recently read of an Oxfam " "group that did this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "People with older machines, even with the very old 80386 chips, can run " "efficient programs that do as much as programs that require a modern Pentium " "chip and expensive memory. And they can use these machines as servers for " "Web pages and as routers—for communications' infrastructure." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "People with just one computer can attach one or two additional terminals to " "it, and provide two or three seats in place of one, for very little extra " "cost. I have done this: a friend visited and we both wanted to work on my " "computer at the same time. Email, Web browsing, writing, remote system " "administration: we did all these at the same time." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A community group, or business, can set up its own mailing lists or news " "groups, private or public. The groupware is there. Two or more people can " "work on the same document at the same time, even if they are in different " "countries. The last time I did that, I was working with a fellow on the " "other side of the Atlantic Ocean." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "What script do you want to write in? Hindi, Chinese, Thai? All these are " "possible, and in the same window as English or Cyrillic." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Individuals or groups can set up their own Web sites. A publisher can " "typeset his own books. An accountant can analyze a budget. Blind people " "can listen to text read out loud to them by the computer." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "You can enjoy choosing among several graphic user interfaces, a fancy one, " "another that looks and behaves rather like Microsoft Windows, or a third, " "that is simple and practical." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Except for the blind person's speech generation, which requires audio that I " "never installed in my machine, every application I have just mentioned runs " "on my home computer. And people I know have installed audio and listen to " "it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "All these applications came on a CD-ROM that was, as it happens, given me at " "no charge. I have also paid for CDs with a different version of the " "software—sometimes it is more convenient just to buy. And if you have " "a fast Internet connection, you can readily download the software, paying " "only your connection costs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "This wealth of software is available and can be used anywhere in the world." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To return to the question of how this technology was shaped: the key, as I " "said, is freedom, the legal right to copy, study, modify, and redistribute " "the software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The specific legal tool we used to create these freedoms and the resulting " "benefits is a specially drafted copyright license, the GNU General Public " "License." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This license gives you more rights than plain copyright does, and more " "rights than many other kinds of software license. In essence, it forbids " "you to forbid. It permits you to do everything else." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Let me go through this list of rights: copy, study, modify, and " "redistribute." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "First, the right to copy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Not many people own a factory that would enable them to copy a car. Indeed, " "to copy a car is so difficult that we use a different word, we speak of " "“manufacturing” a car. And there are not many car manufacturers " "in the world. Far fewer than one in thirty people own or have ready access " "to a car factory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But everyone with a computer owns a software factory, a device for " "manufacturing software, that is to say, for making new copies. Because " "copying software is so easy, we don't use the word " "“manufacturing”; we usually do not even think of it as a kind of " "manufacturing, but it is." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The right to copy software is the right to use your own means of production " "(if you will pardon my use of an expression that has gone out of fashion). " "Millions of people, a few percent of the world's population, own this means " "of production." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Naturally, there have been efforts to take away your rights to use your own " "property as a factory that you own." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Second, the right to study. This right is of little direct interest to " "people who are not programmers. It is like the right of a lawyer to read " "legal text books. Unless you are a lawyer, you probably wish to avoid such " "books." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, this right to study has several implications, both for those who " "program and for everyone else." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The right to study means that people in places like Mexico, or India, or " "Malaysia can study the same code that people in Europe or the United States " "use. It means that these people are not kept from learning how others " "succeeded." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Bear in mind that many programmers work under restrictions that forbid them " "from seeing others' code. Rather than sit on the shoulders of those who " "went before, which is the best way to see ahead and to advance, they are " "thrown into the mud. The right to study is the right to look ahead, to " "advance, by sitting on the shoulders of giants." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Moreover, the right to study means that the software itself must be made " "available in a manner that humans can read." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Software comes in two forms, one readable only by computers and the other " "readable by people. The form that a computer can read is what the computer " "runs. This form is called a binary or executable. The form that a human " "can read is called source code. It is what a human programmer creates, and " "is translated by another computer program into the binary or executable " "form." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The next right, the right to modify, is the right to fix a problem or " "enhance a program. For most people, this means your right or your " "organization's right to hire someone to do the job for you, in much the same " "way you hire an auto mechanic to fix your car or a carpenter to extend your " "home." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Modification is helpful. Application developers cannot think of all the " "ways others will use their software. Developers cannot foresee the new " "burdens that will be put on their code. They cannot anticipate all the " "local conditions, whether someone in Malaysia will use a program first " "written in Finland." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Finally, of these legal rights, comes the right to redistribute." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This means that you, who own a computer, a software factory, have the right " "to make copies of a program and redistribute it. You can charge for these " "copies, or give them away. Others may do the same." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Of course, several existing, large software manufacturers want to forbid you " "from using your own property. They cannot win in a free market, so they " "attack in other ways. In the United States, for example, we see newly " "proposed laws to take away your freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The right to redistribute, so long as it is defended and upheld, means that " "software is sold in a competitive, free market. This has several " "consequences. Low price is a consequence. This helps consumers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But first and foremost, these legal and economic rights lead to " "collaboration, one of themes of this conference." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This outcome is contrary to many people's expectations. Few expect that in " "a competitive, free market, every producer will become more collaborative " "and that there will be no visible or felt competition among competing " "businessmen." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The more competitive a market, the more cooperation you see. This " "apparently counter-intuitive implication is both observed and inferred." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This is because people are not harmed by doing what they want to do. People " "like to help their neighbors." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Consider a small farmer, one among a million. My friend George, back in the " "United States, is one such." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "His harvest is so small, that there is nothing he can do to effect the world " "price. His neighbor is in a similar situation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Consequently, if George helps his neighbor, his neighbor benefits, and " "George himself loses nothing on the price he receives for his harvest." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Since George will not hurt himself, he has every other reason to help his " "neighbor. Not only is George kindly, he also recognizes that when he helps " "his neighbor, his neighbor is likely to return the favor." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "This is what you see in a competitive free market: cooperation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Visible competition indicates that the market is not fully free and " "competitive. Visible competition means that at most you have a semi-free " "market." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Moreover, and this benefits people who are not programmers, if software is " "sold in a free market, competition among vendors will lead to a lower price." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Put another way, the price of software is determined primarily by legal " "considerations: by the degree to which customers enjoy freedom. If " "customers are forbidden to buy a product except at a high price, and that " "prohibition is successfully enforced, the product will be expensive. This " "is what occurs with much proprietary software today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "On the other hand, if software is sold in a free market, competition among " "vendors will lead to a lower price." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Indeed, in some circumstances the cost will be so low that companies or " "other organizations will give away CD-ROMs containing the software; others " "will make copies for their friends; and yet others will provide downloads " "over the Internet at no charge." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This means that software itself, a necessary supporting part of a business " "or community project, will be both inexpensive and legal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Think of this from the point of view of a small business or community " "supported group. The organization can use restricted-distribution, " "proprietary software, and either pay a lot of money it does not have, or " "break the law and steal it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "On the other hand, free software is inexpensive and legal. It is more " "accessible. It is also customizable in ways that restricted software often " "is not. This is empowering." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We shape the development of this technology, we create collaboration, " "through the use of a legal tool, a license, that gives you more rights than " "you would have otherwise, that forbids you to forbid, that in this case, " "gives you the right to copy, study, modify, and redistribute the software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Because of the freedoms associated with it, this software is called " "“free software.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "While I am speaking of this phrase, let me clear up a verbal issue that " "sometimes confuses English speakers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The low price of free software leads some English speakers to think that the " "word “free” in the phrase “free software” means they " "can obtain it without cost. This is not the definition, which is about <a " "href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">freedom</a>, but it " "is an easy misunderstanding. After all, I have been talking of frugal use " "of resources, software that is inexpensive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The English word “free” has several meanings. As a Mexican " "friend of mine—and leader, by the way, of a major free software " "project—once said to me," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p> msgid "" "English is broken; it does not distinguish between “free beer” " "and “free speech.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Spanish, on the other hand, distinguishes between “gratis” and " "“libre.” Free software is “libre” software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Likewise, the language of our hosts, Bahasa Melayu, distinguishes between " "“pecuma” and “kebebasa.” Free software is " "“kebebasa” software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Incidentally, Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens invented the phrase “open " "source” a few years ago as a synonym “free software.” They " "wanted to work around the dislike many companies have of free markets. The " "phrase is popular; Eric and Bruce succeeded in their purpose." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, I prefer the term “free software” since it better " "conveys the goal of freedom; the proposition that every man and woman, even " "a person who lives in a third world country, has the right to do first rate " "work, and must not be forbidden from doing so." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I mentioned that a business or community can use software that is " "inexpensive and legal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Now let me turn to the software industry itself." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Because competition in a competitive market forces down the price of free " "software, no one enters the software industry to sell software as such. " "Instead, and this is often not understood, a business enters the industry to " "make money in other ways." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Companies and people in the “software industry” do not sell " "software itself, but services associated with software or hardware or other " "solutions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This is what happens in the medical and legal professions. Both medical " "knowledge and law are freely redistributable. Physicians and lawyers sell " "their services to solve problems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "What services do I mean? Most directly, help in using a computer, or, to " "take more specific examples, help in setting up a packet radio network where " "there is no telephone, or help in creating and nurturing a warehouse data " "base." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Less directly, and increasingly, hardware companies that sell telephones or " "desalinization plants, add software to their products to make them more " "attractive to buyers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Incidentally, programmers themselves write software for four main reasons: " "first, because they are hired to solve a problem, just as a lawyer is hired " "to draw up a contract. Second, as part of another project. Third, because " "it enhances their reputation. And fourth, because they want to." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I have spoken about shaping this technology for collaboration. The key is " "freedom, and creating the legal framework that supports freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Now let me talk about initiatives that lead to prosperity." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "One issue with development is resources, or rather, the lack thereof." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "As I said earlier, free software reduces barriers to entry, both in the " "software industry itself and in other industries and activities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Free software, and the culture and ways people tend to think when they " "collaborate, reduces operational costs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Let me take an example that comes directly from this conference. First I " "should tell you that I have correspondents all over the world. They are not " "all in rich countries. They or their supporting institutions are not always " "rich." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The first messages about this conference that I received took up more than " "four and a half times the resources needed to convey the information. The " "messages were sent in a bloated form." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Next time you budget for a project, consider paying four and a half times " "its cost. Then consider whether you would fund it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Next time you pay at a restaurant, take out four and a half times the " "money…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For me the resource use was not an issue because I don't pay by the minute " "for telecommunications, as many do. But I know that my correspondents " "around the world prefer that I take care in my communications that I do not " "waste their money or that of their supporting institutions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A notable feature of free software is that many applications run well on " "older, less capable machines, as I mentioned earlier. For example, a couple " "of months ago I ran a window manager, graphical Web browser, and an image " "manipulation program on my sister's old 486 machine. These worked fine." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Text editors, electronic mail, and spreadsheets require even fewer " "resources." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This frugality means that people can use older equipment that has been " "tossed out by first world companies. Such equipment is inexpensive and " "often donated. The computers need to be transported. Sometimes you need to " "start a local project to refurbish the hardware and load it with " "inexpensive, customized, free software. These machines cost the end user " "less than new machines." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "At the same time, manufacturers are building modern, low end computers that " "do as much as the older ones, and are not too expensive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "There is no need to acquire expensive, new hardware to run your software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "In conclusion—" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "I was asked to speak on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Shaping Collaborative ICT Development and Initiatives for Global " "Prosperity”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Over the past 16 years, I have worked with people who shaped software " "through a legal tool that gives you many freedoms: the freedoms to copy, " "study, modify, and redistribute the software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This tool shapes software technology to make it more accessible and more " "empowering; it encourages people to work collaboratively, and provides a " "technology for better governance." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This legal tool means that companies in the ICT industry compete not to sell " "software itself, but to sell services associated with it, or to sell " "hardware, or other solutions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This legal framework means that companies will provide more reliable and " "efficient services." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Freedom, ensured by a proper license, means that people who use computers " "and telecommunications as tools can enter their industry more easily." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It means that all users can reduce their entry and operational costs. It " "means that people in poorer countries are not shipping off their money to a " "rich country, but are keeping their money in the local economy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Moreover, as I said above, restricted-distribution software licenses often " "force people to choose between violating the law and paying money they may " "not have." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "As a matter of good governance, a country should not force people who are " "trying to do a decent job into making such decisions. Too often an " "otherwise law-abiding person who lacks resources will choose to violate the " "law." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Instead, a country should arrange matters such that acting in a law abiding " "manner is without doubt the best action, for legal, moral, and practical " "reasons. People always hope their neighbors will be law abiding and honest; " "free software encourages that." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Free software empowers people who previously were kept out." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 1996-1998, 2023, 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""