# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: applying-free-sw-criteria.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-09-05 08:25+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Applying the Free Software Criteria - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Applying the Free Software Criteria" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The four essential freedoms provide the criteria for <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">whether a particular piece of code is " "free/libre</a> (i.e., respects its users' freedom). How should we apply " "them to judge whether a software package, an operating system, a computer, " "or a web page is fit to recommend?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Whether a program is free affects first of all our decisions about our " "private activities: to maintain our freedom, we need to reject the programs " "that would take it away. However, it also affects what we should say to " "others and do with others." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A nonfree program is an injustice. To distribute a nonfree program, to " "recommend a nonfree program to other people, or more generally steer them " "into a course that leads to using nonfree software, means leading them to " "give up their freedom. To be sure, leading people to use nonfree software " "is not the same as installing nonfree software in their computers, but we " "should not lead people in the wrong direction." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "At a deeper level, we must not present a nonfree program as a solution " "because that would grant it legitimacy. Nonfree software is a problem; <a " "href=\"/philosophy/compromise.html\"> to present it as a solution denies the " "existence of the problem</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This article explains how we apply the basic free software criteria to " "judging various kinds of things, so we can decide whether to recommend them " "or not." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Software packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For a software package to be free, all the code in it must be free. But not " "only the code. Since documentation files including manuals, README, change " "log, and so on are essential technical parts of a software package, <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.html\">they must be free as well</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A software package is typically used alongside many other packages, and " "interacts with some of them. Which kinds of interaction with nonfree " "programs are ethically acceptable?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We developed GNU so that there would be a free operating system, because in " "1983 none existed. As we developed the initial components of GNU, in the " "1980s, it was inevitable that each component depended on nonfree software. " "For instance, no C program could run without a nonfree C compiler until GCC " "was working, and none could run without Unix libc until glibc was working. " "Each component could run only on nonfree systems, because all systems were " "nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "After we released a component that could run on some nonfree systems, users " "ported it to other nonfree systems; those ports were no worse, ethically, " "than the platform-specific code we needed to develop these components, so we " "incorporated their patches." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When the kernel, Linux, was freed in 1992, it filled the last gap in the GNU " "system. (Initially, in 1991, Linux had been distributed under a nonfree " "license.) The combination of GNU and Linux made a complete free operating " "system—<a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "At that point, we could have deleted the support for nonfree platforms, but " "we decided not to. A nonfree system is an injustice, but it's not our fault " "a user runs one. Supporting a free program on that system does not compound " "the injustice. And it's useful, not only for users of those systems, but " "also for attracting more people to contribute to developing the free " "program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, a nonfree program that runs on top of a free program is a " "completely different issue, because it leads users to take a step away from " "freedom. In some cases we disallow this: for instance, <a " "href=\"https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2014-01/msg00247.html\">GCC prohibits " "nonfree plug-ins</a>. When a program permits nonfree add-ons, it should at " "least not steer people towards using them. For instance, we choose " "LibreOffice over OpenOffice because OpenOffice suggests use of nonfree " "add-ons, while LibreOffice shuns them. We developed <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/IceCat\">IceCat</a> initially to avoid " "proposing the nonfree add-ons suggested by Firefox." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In practice, if the IceCat package explains how to run IceCat on MacOS, that " "will not lead people to run MacOS. But if it talked about some nonfree " "add-on, that would encourage IceCat users to install the add-on. Therefore, " "the IceCat package, including manuals and web site, shouldn't talk about " "such things." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sometimes a free program and a nonfree program interoperate but neither is " "based on the other. Our rule for such cases is that if the nonfree program " "is very well known, we should tell people how to use our free program with " "it; but if the proprietary program is obscure, we should not hint that it " "exists. Sometimes we support interoperation with the nonfree program if " "that is installed, but avoid telling users about the possibility of doing " "so." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We reject “enhancements” that would work only on a nonfree " "system. Those would encourage people to use the nonfree system instead of " "GNU, scoring an own-goal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "GNU/Linux distros" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "After the liberation of Linux in 1992, people began developing GNU/Linux " "distributions (“distros”). Only a few distros are <a " "href=\"/distros\">entirely free software</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The rules for a software package apply to a distro too: an ethical distro " "must contain only free software and steer users only towards free software. " "But what does it mean for a distro to “contain” a particular " "software package?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some distros install programs from binary packages that are part of the " "distro; others build each program from upstream source, and literally " "<em>contain</em> only the recipes to download and build it. For issues of " "freedom, how a distro installs a given package is not significant; if it " "presents that package as an option, or its web site does, we say it " "“contains” that package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The users of a free system have control over it, so they can install " "whatever they wish. Free distros provide general facilities with which " "users can install their own programs and their modified versions of free " "programs; they can also install nonfree programs. Providing these general " "facilities is not an ethical flaw in the distro, because the distro's " "developers are not responsible for what users get and install on their own " "initiative." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The developers become responsible for installation of nonfree software when " "they steer the users toward a nonfree program—for instance, by putting " "it in the distro's list of packages, or distributing it from their server, " "or presenting it as a solution rather than a problem. This is the point " "where most GNU/Linux distros have an ethical flaw." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "People who install software packages on their own have a certain level of " "sophistication: if we tell them “Baby contains nonfree code, but Gbaby " "is free,” we can expect them to take care to remember which is which. " "But distros are recommended to ordinary users who would forget such " "details. They would think, “What name did they say I should use? I " "think it was Baby.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Therefore, to recommend a distro to the general public, we insist that its " "name not be similar to a distro we reject, so our message recommending only " "the free distro can be reliably transmitted." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Another difference between a distro and a software package is how likely it " "is for nonfree code to be added. The developers of a program carefully " "check the code they add. If they have decided to make the program free, " "they are unlikely to add nonfree code. There have been exceptions, " "including the very harmful case of the “binary blobs” that were " "added to Linux, but they are a small fraction of the free programs that " "exist." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "By contrast, a GNU/Linux distro typically contains thousands of packages, " "and the distro's developers may add hundreds of packages a year. Without a " "careful effort to avoid packages that contain some nonfree software, some " "will surely creep in. Since the free distros are few in number, we ask the " "developers of each free distro to make a commitment to keep the distro free " "software by removing any nonfree code or malware, as a condition for listing " "that distro. See the <a " "href=\"/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html\">GNU free system " "distribution guidelines</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We don't ask for such promises for free software packages: it's not " "feasible, and fortunately not necessary. To get promises from the " "developers of 30,000 free programs to keep them free would avoid a few " "problems, at the cost of much work for the FSF staff; in addition, most of " "those developers have no relationship with the GNU Project and might have no " "interest in making us any promises. So we deal with the rare cases that " "change from free to nonfree, when we find out about them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Peripherals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A computer peripheral needs software in the computer—perhaps a driver, " "perhaps firmware to be loaded by the system into the peripheral to make it " "run. Thus, a peripheral is acceptable to use and recommend if it can be " "used from a computer that has no nonfree software installed—the " "peripheral's driver, and any firmware that the system needs to load into it, " "are free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It is simple to check this: connect the peripheral to a computer running a " "totally free GNU/Linux distro and see if it works. But most users would " "like to know <em>before</em> they buy the peripheral, so we list information " "about many peripherals in <a " "href=\"https://www.h-node.org/\">h-node.org</a>, a hardware database for " "fully free operating systems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Computers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A computer contains software at various levels. On what criterion should we " "certify that a computer “Respects Your Freedom”?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Obviously the operating system and everything above it must be free. In the " "90s, the startup software (BIOS, then) became replaceable, and since it runs " "on the CPU, it is the same sort of issue as the operating system. Thus, " "programs such as firmware and drivers that are installed in or with the " "system or the startup software must be free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If a computer has hardware features that require nonfree drivers or firmware " "installed with the system, we may be able to endorse it. If it is usable " "without those features, and if we think most people won't be led to install " "the nonfree software to make them function, then we can endorse it. " "Otherwise, we can't. This will be a judgment call." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A computer can have modifiable preinstalled firmware and microcode at lower " "levels. It can also have code in true read-only memory. We decided to " "ignore these programs in our certification criteria today, because otherwise " "no computer could comply, and because firmware that is not normally changed " "is ethically equivalent to circuits. So our certification criteria cover " "only the code that runs on the computer's main processor and is not in true " "read-only memory. When and as free software becomes possible for other " "levels of processing, we will require free software at those levels too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Since certifying a product is active promotion of it, we insist that the " "seller support us in return, by talking about <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">free " "software</a> rather than <a " "href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">open source</a> and " "referring to the combination of GNU and Linux as <a " "href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">“GNU/Linux”</a>. We have no " "obligation to actively promote projects that won't recognize our work and " "support our movement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "See <a href=\"https://www.fsf.org/resources/hw/endorsement/criteria\">our " "certification criteria</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Web pages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Nowadays many web pages contain complex JavaScript programs and won't work " "without them. This is a harmful practice since it hampers users' control " "over their computing. Furthermore, most of these programs are nonfree, an " "injustice. Often the JavaScript code spies on the user. <a " "href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.html\">JavaScript has morphed into a " "attack on users' freedom.</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To address this problem, we have developed <a " "href=\"/software/librejs\">LibreJS</a>, an add-on for Firefox that blocks " "nontrivial nonfree JavaScript code. (There is no need to block the simple " "scripts that implement minor user interface hacks.) We ask sites to please " "free their JavaScript programs and mark their licenses for LibreJS to " "recognize." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Meanwhile, is it ethical to link to a web page that contains a nonfree " "JavaScript program? If we were totally unyielding, we would link only to " "free JavaScript code. However, many pages do work even when their " "JavaScript code is not run. Also, you will most often encounter nonfree " "JavaScript in other ways besides following our links; to avoid it, you must " "use LibreJS or disable JavaScript. So we have decided to go ahead and link " "to pages that work without nonfree JavaScript, while urging users to protect " "themselves from nonfree JavaScript in general." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, if a page can't do its job without running the nonfree JavaScript " "code, linking to it undeniably asks people to run that nonfree code. On " "principle, we do not link to such pages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Conclusion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Applying the basic idea that <em>software should be free</em> to different " "situations leads to different practical policies. As new situations arise, " "the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation will adapt our freedom " "criteria so as to lead computer users towards freedom, in practice and in " "principle. By recommending only freedom-respecting programs, distros, and " "hardware products, and stating your policy, you can give much-needed support " "to the free software movement." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""