# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: copyright-versus-community-2000.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-09-02 10:56+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: <title> msgid "" "Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks - GNU Project - " "Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks (2000)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This is a transcription from an audio recording, prepared by Douglas " "Carnall, July 2000." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<em> Mr Stallman arrives a few minutes after the appointed hour of " "commencement of his talk to address a hushed and respectful audience. He " "speaks with great precision and almost no hesitation in a pronounced Boston " "accent.</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: This is made for someone who wears a strangler." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<em>[indicates clip-on microphone for lecture theatre amplification " "system]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "I don't wear stranglers, so there is no place for it to go." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[clips it to his T-shirt]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: Are you OK with the recording?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes! <em>[testy]</em> How many people have to ask me?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Well, I'm supposed to speak today" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[long pause]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "about copyright versus community. This is too loud." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[indicates clip-on microphone]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "What can I do?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Let's see… there's no volume control…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[finds volume control on radio microphone box]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "this seems better" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "OK. Copyright versus community in the age of computer networks. The " "principles of ethics can't change. They are the same for all situations, " "but to apply them to any question or situation you have to look at the facts " "of the situation to compare alternatives, you have to see what their " "consequences are, a change in technology never changes the principles of " "ethics, but a change in technology can alter the consequences of the same " "choices, so it can make a difference for the outcome of the question, and " "that has happened in the area of copyright law. We have a situation where " "changes in technology have affected the ethical factors that weigh on " "decisions about copyright law and change the right policy for society." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Laws that in the past may have been a good idea, now are harmful because " "they are in a different context. But to explain this, I should go back to " "the beginning to the ancient world where books were made by writing them out " "by hand. That was the only way to do it, and anybody who could read could " "also write a copy of a book. To be sure a slave who spent all day writing " "copies could probably do it somewhat better than someone who didn't " "ordinarily do that but it didn't make a tremendous difference. Essentially, " "anyone who could read, could copy books, about as well as they could be " "copied in any fashion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In the ancient world, there wasn't the sharp distinction between authorship " "and copying that there tends to be today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There was a continuum. On the one hand you might have somebody, say, " "writing a play. Then you might have, on the other extreme, just somebody " "making copies of books, but in between you might have say, somebody, who " "say, copies part of a book, but writes some words of his own, or writing a " "commentary, and this was very common, and definitely respected. Other " "people would copy some bits from one book, and then some bits from another " "book, and write something of their own words, and then copy from another " "book, quoting passages of various lengths from many different works, and " "then writing some other works to talk about them more, or relate them. And " "there are many ancient works—now lost—in which part of them " "survived in these quotations in other books that became more popular than " "the book that the original quote <em>[came from]</em>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There was a spectrum between writing an original work, and copying. There " "were many books that were partly copied, but mixed with original writing. I " "don't believe there was any idea of copyright in the ancient world and it " "would have been rather difficult to enforce one, because books could be " "copied by anyone who could read anywhere, anyone who could get some writing " "materials, and a feather to write with. So, that was a rather clear simple " "situation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Later on, printing was developed and printing changed the situation " "greatly. It provided a much more efficient way to make copies of books, " "provided that they were all identical. And it required specialised, fairly " "expensive equipment that an ordinary reader would not have. So in effect it " "created a situation in which copies could only feasibly be made by " "specialised businesses, of which the number was not that large. There might " "have been hundreds of printing presses in a country and hundreds of " "thousands, or maybe even millions of actually people who could read. So the " "decrease in the number of places in which copies could be made was " "tremendous." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now the idea of copyright developed along with the printing press. I think " "that there may be… I think I remember reading that Venice, which was " "a major centre of printing in the 1500s also had a kind of copyright but I " "can't find that: I couldn't find that reference again. But the system of " "copyright fitted in naturally with the printing press because it became rare " "for ordinary readers to make copies. It still happen. People who were very " "poor or very rich had handmade copies of books. The very rich people did " "this to show off their wealth: they had beautiful illuminated wealth to show " "that they could afford this. And poor people still sometimes copied books " "by hand because they couldn't afford printed copies. As the song goes " "“Time ain't money when all you got is time.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So some poor people copied books with a pen. But for the most part the " "books were all made on printing presses by publishers and copyright as a " "system fitted in very well with the technical system. For one thing it was " "painless for readers, because the readers weren't going to make copies " "anyway, except for the very rich ones who could presumably legitimise it, or " "the very poor ones who were making just individual copies and no one was " "going to go after them with lawyers. And the system was fairly easy to " "enforce again because there were only a small number of places where it had " "to be enforced: only the printing presses, and because of this it didn't " "require, it didn't involve, a struggle against the public. You didn't find " "just about everybody trying to copy books and being threatened with arrest " "for doing it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "And in fact, in addition to not restricting the reader's directly, it didn't " "cause much of a problem for readers, because it might have added a small " "fraction to the price of books but it didn't double the price, so that small " "extra addition to the price was a very small burden for the readers. The " "actions restricted by copyright were actions that you couldn't do, as an " "ordinary reader, and therefore, it didn't cause a problem. And because of " "this there was no need for harsh punishments to convince readers to tolerate " "it and to obey." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So copyright effectively was an industrial regulation. It restricted " "publishers and writers but it didn't restrict the general public. It was " "somewhat like charging a fee for going on a boat ride across the Atlantic. " "You know, it's easy to collect the fee when people are getting on a boat for " "weeks or months." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Well, as time went on, printing got more efficient. Eventually even poor " "people didn't have to bother copying books by hand and the idea sort of got " "forgotten. I think it's in the 1800s that essentially printing got cheap " "enough so that essentially everyone could afford printed books, so to some " "extent the idea of poor people copying books by hand was lost from memory. " "I heard about this about ten years ago when I started talking about the " "subject to people." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So originally in England copyright was partly intended as a measure of " "censorship. People who wanted to publish books were required to get " "approval from the government but the idea began to change and it a different " "idea was expressed explicitly in the US constitution. When the US " "constitution was written there was a proposal that authors should be " "entitled to a monopoly on copying their books. This idea was rejected. " "Instead, a different idea of the philosophy of copyright was put into the " "constitution. The idea that a copyright system could be… well, the " "idea is that people have the natural right to copy things but copyright as " "an artificial restriction on copying can be authorised for the sake of " "promoting progress." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So the system of copyright would have been the same more or less either way, " "but this was a statement about the purpose which is said to justify " "copyright. It is explicitly justified as a means to promote progress, not " "as an entitlement for copyright owners. So the system is meant to modify " "the behaviour of copyright owners so as to benefit the public. The benefit " "consists of more books being written and published and this is intended to " "contribute to the progress of civilisation, to spreading ideas, and as a " "means to this end… in other words as a means to this end copyright " "exists. So this also thought of as a bargain between the public and " "authors; that the public gives up its natural right to make copies of " "anything in exchange for the progress that is brought about indirectly, by " "encouraging more people to write." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now it may seem like an obscure question to ask “What's the purpose of " "copyright?” But the purpose of any activity is the most important " "thing for deciding when an activity needs to be changed and how. If you " "forget about the purpose you are sure to get things wrong, so ever since " "that decision was made, the authors and especially the publishers most " "recently have been trying to misrepresent it and sweep it under the rug. " "There has been a campaign for decades to try to spread the idea that was " "rejected in the US constitution. The idea that copyright exists as an " "entitlement for copyright owners. And you can that expressed in almost " "everything they say about it starting and ending with the word " "“pirate” which is used to give the impression that making an " "unauthorised copy is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship and kidnapping " "or killing the people on board." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So if you look at the statements being made by publishers you find lots of " "implicit assumptions of this sort which you have to drag into the open and " "then start questioning." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Recent events and problems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[brightens]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Anyway, as long as the age of the printing press continued, copyright was " "painless, easy to enforce, and probably a good idea. But the age of the " "printing press began changing a few decades ago when things like Xerox " "machines and tape recorders started to be available, and more recently as " "computer networks have come into use the situation has changed drastically. " "We are now in a situation technologically more like the ancient world, where " "anybody who could read something could also make a copy of it that was " "essentially as good as the best copies anyone could make." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[murmuring in the audience]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A situation now where once again, ordinary readers can make copies " "themselves. It doesn't have to be done through centralised mass production, " "as in the printing press. Now this change in technology changes the " "situation in which copyright law operates. The idea of the bargain was that " "the public trades away its natural right to make copies, and in exchange " "gets a benefit. Well, a bargain could be a good one or a bad one. It " "depends on the worth of what you are giving up. And the worth of what you " "are getting. In the age of the printing press the public traded away a " "freedom that it was unable to use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It's like finding a way of selling shit: what have you got to lose? You've " "got it on hand anyway, if you get something for it, it can hardly be a bad " "deal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[faint laughter]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It's like accepting money for promising not to travel to another star. " "You're not going to do it anyway" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[hearty laughter]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "at least not in our lifetime so you might as well, if someone's going to pay " "you to promise not to travel to another star, you might as well take the " "deal. But if I presented you with a starship, then you might not think that " "deal was such a good deal any more. When the thing you used to sell because " "it was useless, you discover a use for it, then you have to reconsider the " "desirability of those old deals that used to be advantageous. Typically in " "a such a situation you decide that “I'm not going to sell all of this " "any more; I'm going to keep some of it and use it.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So if you were giving up a freedom that you couldn't exercise and now you " "can exercise it, you probably want to start retaining the right to exercise " "it at least partially. You might still trade part of the freedom: and there " "are many alternatives of different bargains which trade parts of the freedom " "and keep other parts. So, precisely what you want to do requires thought, " "but in any case you want to reconsider the old bargain, and you probably " "want to sell less of what you sold in the past." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But the publishers are trying to do exactly the opposite. At exactly the " "time when the public's interest is to keep part of the freedom to use it, " "the publishers are passing laws which make us give up more freedom. You see " "copyright was never intended to be an absolute monopoly on all the uses of a " "copyright work. It covered some uses and not others, but in recent times " "the publishers have been pushing to extend it further and further. Ending " "up most recently with things like the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in " "the US which they are also trying to turn into a treaty through the World " "Intellectual Property Organisation which is essentially an organisation " "representing the owners of copyrights and patents and which works to try to " "increase their power, and pretends to be doing so in the name of humanity " "rather than in the name of these particular companies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, what are the consequences when copyright starts restricting activities " "that ordinary readers can do. Well, for one thing it's no longer an " "industrial regulation. It becomes an imposition on the public. For " "another, because of this, you find the public's starting to object to it You " "know, when it is stopping ordinary people from doing things that are natural " "in their lives you find ordinary people refusing to obey. Which means that " "copyright is no longer easy to enforce and that's why you see harsher and " "harsher punishments being adopted by governments that are basically serving " "the publishers rather than the public." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Also, you have to question whether a copyright system is still beneficial. " "Basically, the thing that we have been paying is now valuable for us. Maybe " "the deal is a bad deal now. So all the things that made technology fit in " "well with the technology of the printing press make it fit badly with " "digital information technology. So, instead of like, charging the fee to " "cross the Atlantic in a boat, it's like charging a fee to cross a street. " "It's a big nuisance, because people cross the street all along the street, " "and making them pay is a pain in the neck." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "New kinds of copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now what are some of the changes we might want to make in copyright law in " "order to adapt it to the situation that the public finds itself in? Well the " "extreme change might be to abolish copyright law but that isn't the only " "possible choice. There are various situations in which we could reduce the " "power of copyright without abolishing it entirely because there are various " "different actions that can be done with a copyright and there are various " "situations in which you might do them, and each of those is an independent " "question. Should copyright cover this or not? In addition, there is a " "question of “How long?”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright used to be much shorter in its period or duration, and it's been " "extended over and over again in the past fifty years or so and in fact in " "now appears that the owners of copyrights are planning to keep on extending " "copyrights so that they will never expire again. The US constitution says " "that “copyright must exist for a limited time” but the " "publishers have found a way around this: every twenty years they make " "copyright twenty years longer, and this way, no copyright will ever expire " "again. Now a thousand years from now, copyright might last for 1200 years, " "just basically enough so that copyright on Mickey Mouse can not expire." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Because that's why, people believe that US Congress passed a law to extend " "copyright for twenty years. Disney was paying them, and paying the " "President too, with campaign funds of course, to make it lawful. See, if " "they just gave them cash it would be a crime, but contributing indirectly to " "campaigns is legal and that's what they do: to buy the legislators. So they " "passed the Sonny Bono copyright act. Now this is interesting: Sonny Bono " "was a congressman and a member of the Church of Scientology, which uses " "copyrights to suppress knowledge of its activities. So they have their pet " "congressman and they pushed very hard for increased copyright powers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Anyway, we were fortunate that Sonny Bono died but in his name they passed " "the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act of 1998 I believe. It's being challenged by " "the way, on the grounds that, there is a legal case that people hope to go " "to the Supreme Court and have the extension of old copyrights tossed out. " "In any case, there are all these different situations and questions where we " "could reduce the scope of copyright." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So what are some of them? Well, first of all there are various different " "contexts for copying. There is commercial sale of copies in the stores at " "one extreme and at the other there is privately making a copy for your " "friend once in a while, and in between there are other things, like, there's " "broadcasting on TV or the radio, there's posting it on the website, there's " "handing it out to all the people in an organisation, and some of these " "things could be done either commercially or non-commercially. You know, you " "could imagine a company handing out copies to its staff or you could imagine " "a school doing it, or some private, non-profit organisation doing it. " "Different situations, and we don't have to treat them all the same." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So one way in we could reclaim the… in general though, the activities " "that are the most private are those that are most crucial to our freedom and " "our way of life, whereas the most public and commercial are those that are " "most useful for providing some sort of income for authors so it's a natural " "situation for a compromise in which the limits of copyright are put " "somewhere in the middle so that a substantial part of the activity still is " "covered and provides an income for authors, while the activities that are " "most directly relevant to peoples' private lives become free again. And " "this is the sort of thing that I propose doing with copyright for things " "such as novels and biographies and memoires and essays and so on." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "That at the very minimum, people should always have a right to share a copy " "with a friend. It's when governments have to prevent that kind of activity " "that they have to start intruding into everyone's lives and using harsh " "punishments. The only way basically to stop people in their private lives " "from sharing is with a police state, but public commercial activities can be " "regulated much more easily and much more painlessly." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, where we should draw these lines depends, I believe, on the kind of " "work. Different works serve different purposes for their users. Until " "today we've had a copyright system that treats almost everything exactly " "alike except for music: there are a lot of legal exceptions for music. But " "there's no reason why we have to elevate simplicity above the practical " "consequences. We can treat different kinds of works differently. I propose " "a classification broadly into three kinds of works: functional works, works " "that express personal position, and works that are fundamentally aesthetic." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Functional works include: computer software; recipes; textbooks; " "dictionaries and other reference works; anything that you use to get jobs " "done. For functional works I believe that people need very broad freedom, " "including the freedom to publish modified versions. So everything I am " "going to say tomorrow about computer software applies to other kinds of " "functional works in the same way. So, this criterion of free… " "because it necessary to have the freedom to publish a modified version this " "means we have to almost completely get rid of copyright but the free " "software movement is showing that the progress that society wants that is " "supposedly the justification for society having copyright can happen in " "other ways." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We don't have to give up these important freedoms to have progress. Now the " "publishers are always asking us to presuppose that their there is no way to " "get progress without giving up our crucial freedoms and the most important " "thing I think about the free software movement is to show them that their " "pre-supposition is unjustified." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I can't say I'm sure that in all of these areas we can't produce progress " "without copyright restrictions stopping people, but what we've shown is that " "we've got a chance: it's not a ridiculous idea. It shouldn't be dismissed. " "The public should not suppose that the only way to get progress is to have " "copyright but even for these kinds of works there can be some kinds of " "compromise copyright systems that are consistent with giving people the " "freedom to publish modified versions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Look, for example, at the GNU free documentation license, which is used to " "make a book free. It allows anyone to make and sell copies of a modified " "version, but it requires giving credit in certain ways to the original " "authors and publishers in a way that can give them a commercial advantage " "and thus I believe make it possible to have commercial publishing of free " "textbooks, and if this works people are just beginning to try it " "commercially. The Free Software Foundation has been selling lots of copies " "of various free books for almost fifteen years now and it's been successful " "for us. At this point though, commercial publishers are just beginning to " "try this particular approach, but I think that even for functional works " "where the freedom to publish modified works is essential, some kind of " "compromise copyright system can be worked out, which permits everyone that " "freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For other kinds of works, the ethical questions apply differently, because " "the works are used differently. The second category of works is works that " "express someone's positions or views or experiences. For example, essays, " "offers to do business with people, statements of one's legal position, " "memoirs, anything that says, whose point is to say what you think or you " "want or what you like. Book reviews and restaurant reviews are also in this " "category: it's expressing a personal opinion or position." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now for these kinds of works, making a modified version is not a useful " "thing to do. So I see no reason why people should need to have the freedom " "to publish modified versions of these works. Verbatim copying is the only " "thing that people need to have the freedom to do and because of this we can " "consider the idea that the freedom to distribute copies should only apply in " "some situations, for example if it were limited to non-commercial " "distribution that would be OK I think. Ordinary citizen's lives would no " "longer be restricted but publishers would still be covered by copyright for " "these things." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[drinks water]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, I used to think that maybe it would be good enough to allow people to " "privately redistribute copies occasionally. I used to think that maybe it " "would be OK if all public redistribution were still restricted by copyright " "for these works but the experience with Napster has convinced me that that's " "not so. And the reason is that it shows that lots and lots of people both " "want to publicly redistribute—publicly but not commercially " "redistribute—and it's very useful. And if it's so useful, then it's " "wrong to stop people from doing it. But it would still be acceptable I " "think, to restrict commercial redistribution of this work, because that " "would just be an industrial regulation and it wouldn't block the useful " "activities that people should be doing with these works." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Oh, also, scientific papers. Or scholarly papers in general fall into this " "category because publishing modified versions of them is not a good thing to " "do: it's falsifying the record so they should only be distributed verbatim, " "so scientific papers should be freely redistributable by anyone because we " "should be encouraging their redistribution, and I hope you will never agree " "to publish a scientific paper in a way that restricts verbatim " "redistribution on the net. Tell the journal that you won't do that." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Because scientific journals have become an obstacle to the dissemination of " "scientific results. They used to be a necessary mechanism. Now they are " "nothing but an obstruction, and those journals that restrict access and " "restrict redistribution <em>[emphasis]</em> must be abolished. They are the " "enemies of the dissemination of knowledge; they are the enemies of science, " "and this practice must come to an end." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now there is a third category of works, which is aesthetic works, whose main " "use is to be appreciated; novels, plays, poems, drawings in many cases, " "typically and most music. Typically it's made to be appreciated. Now, " "they're not functional people don't have the need to modify and improve " "them, the way people have the need to do that with functional works. So " "it's a difficult question: is it vital for people to have the freedom to " "publish modified versions of an aesthetic work. On the one hand you have " "authors with a lot of ego attachment saying" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[English accent, dramatic gesture]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "“Oh this is my creation.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[Back to Boston]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“How dare anyone change a line of this?” On the other hand you " "have the folk process which shows that a series of people sequentially " "modifying the work or maybe even in parallel and then comparing versions can " "produce something tremendously rich, and not only beautiful songs and short " "poems, but even long epics have been produced in this way, and there was a " "time back before the mystique of the artist as creator, semi-divine figure " "was so powerful when even great writers reworked stories that had been " "written by others. Some of the plays of Shakespeare involve stories that " "were taken from other plays written often a few decades before. If today's " "copyright laws had been in effect they would have called Shakespeare a quote " "pirate unquote for writing some of his great work and so of course you would " "have had the other authors saying" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[English accent]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“How dare he change one line of my creation. He couldn't possibly " "make it better.“" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[faint audience chuckle]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "You'll hear people ridiculing this idea in exactly those terms. Well, I am " "not sure what we should do about publishing modified versions of these " "aesthetic works. One possibility is to do something like what is done in " "music, which is anyone's allowed to rearranged and play a piece of music, " "but they may have to pay for doing so, but they don't have to ask permission " "to perform it. Perhaps for commercial publication of these works, either " "modified or unmodified, if they're making money they might have to pay some " "money, that's one possibility. It's a difficult question what to do about " "publishing modified versions of these aesthetic works and I don't have an " "answer that I'm fully satisfied with." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>Audience member 1 (AM1)</strong>, question, inaudible" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Let me repeat the question because he said it so fast " "you couldn't possibly have understood it. He said “What kind of " "category should computer games go in?” Well, I would say that the game " "engine is functional and the game scenario is aesthetic." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>AM1</strong>: Graphics?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Those are part of the scenario probably. The specific " "pictures are part of the scenario; they are aesthetic, whereas the software " "for displaying the scenes is functional. So I would say that if they " "combine the aesthetic and the functional into one seamless thing then the " "software should be treated as functional, but if they're willing to separate " "the engine and the scenario then it would be legitimate to say, well the " "engine is functional but the scenario is aesthetic." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Copyright: possible solutions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, how long should copyright last? Well, nowadays the tendency in " "publishing is for books to go out of copyright faster and faster. Today in " "the US most books that are published are out of print within three years. " "They've been remaindered and they're gone. So it's clear that there's not " "real need for copyright to last for say 95 years: it's ridiculous. In fact, " "it's clear that ten year copyright would be sufficient to keep the activity " "of publishing going. But it should be ten years from date of publication, " "but it would make sense to allow an additional period before publication " "which could even be longer than ten years which as you see, as long as the " "book has not been published the copyright on it is not restricting the " "public. It's basically just giving the author to have it published " "eventually but I think that once the book is published copyright should run " "for some ten years or so, then that's it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, I once proposed this in a panel where the other people were all " "writers. And one of them said: “Ten year copyright? Why that's " "ridiculous! Anything more than five years is intolerable.” He was an " "award-winning science fiction writer who was complaining about the " "difficulty of retrouving, of pulling back, this is funny, French words are " "leaking into my English, of, of regaining the rights from the publisher " "who'd let his books go out of print for practical purposes but was dragging " "his heels about obeying the contract, which says that when the book is out " "of print the rights revert to the author." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The publishers treat authors terribly you have to realise. They're always " "demanding more power in the name of the authors and they will bring along a " "few very famous very successful writers who have so much clout that they can " "get contracts that treat them very well to testify saying that the power is " "really for their sake. Meanwhile most writers who are not famous and are " "not rich and have no particular clout are being treated horribly by the " "publishing industry, and it's even worse in music. I recommend all of you " "to read Courtney Love's article: it's in Salon magazine right?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>AM2</strong> (Audience member 2) Yes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: She started out by calling the record companies quote " "pirates unquotes because of the way they treat the musicians. In any case " "we can shorten copyright more or less. We could try various lengths, we " "could see, we could find out empirically what length of copyright is needed " "to keep publication vigourous. I would say that since almost books are out " "of print by ten years, clearly ten years should be long enough. But it " "doesn't have to be the same for every kind of work. For example, maybe some " "aspects of copyright for movies should last for longer, like the rights to " "sell all the paraphernalia with the pictures and characters on them. You " "know, that's so crassly commercial it hardly matters if that is limited to " "one company in most cases. Maybe the copyright on the movies themselves, " "maybe that's legitimate for that to last twenty years." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Meanwhile for software, I suspect that a three year copyright would be " "enough. You see if each version of the programme remains copyrighted for " "three years after its release well, unless the company is in real bad " "trouble they should have a new version before those three years are up and " "there will be a lot of people who will want to use the newer version, so if " "older versions are all becoming free software automatically, the company " "would still have a business with the newer version. Now this is a " "compromise as I see it, because it is a system in which not all software is " "free, but it might be an acceptable compromise, after all, if we had to wait " "three years in some cases for programs to become free… well, that's " "no disaster. To be using three years old software is not a disaster." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM3</strong>: Don't you think this is a system that would favour " "feature creep?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[airily]</em> Ah that's OK. That's a minor side " "issue, compared with these issues of freedom encouraging, every system " "encourages some artificial distortions in what people, and our present " "system certainly encourages various kinds of artificial distortions in " "activity that is covered by copyright so if a changed system also encourages " "a few of these secondary distortions it's not a big deal I would say." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM4</strong>: The problem with this change in the copyright laws for " "three would be that you wouldn't get the sources." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. There would have also to be a condition, a law " "that to sell copies of the software to the public the source code must be " "deposited somewhere so that three years later it can be released. So it " "could be deposited say, with the library of congress in the US, and I think " "other countries have similar institutions where copies of published books " "get placed, and they could also received the source code and after three " "years, publish it. And of course, if the source code didn't correspond to " "the executable that would be fraud, and in fact if it really corresponds " "then they ought to be able to check that very easily when the work is " "published initially so you're publishing the source code and somebody there " "says alright “dot slash configure dot slash make” and sees if " "produces the same executables and uh." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "So you're right, just eliminating copyright would not make software free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>AM5</strong>: Um libre" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Right. That's the only sense I use the term. It " "wouldn't do that because the source code might not be available or they " "might try to use contracts to restrict the users instead. So making " "software free is not as simple as ending copyright on software: it's a more " "complex situation than that. In fact, if copyright were simply abolished " "from software then we would no longer be able to use copyleft to protect the " "free status of a program but meanwhile the software privateers could use " "other methods—contracts or withholding the source to make software " "proprietary. So what would mean is, if we release a free program some " "greedy bastard could make a modified version and publish just the binaries " "and make people sign non-disclosure agreements for them. We would no longer " "have a way to stop them. So if we wanted to change the law that all " "software that was published had to be free we would have to do it in some " "more complex way, not just by turning copyright for software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So, overall I would recommend we look at the various kinds of works and the " "various different kinds of uses and then look for a new place to draw the " "line: one that gives the public the most important freedoms for making use " "of each new kind of work while when possible retaining some kind of fairly " "painless kind of copyright for general public that is still of benefit to " "authors. In this way we can adapt the copyright system to the circumstances " "where we find it we find ourselves and have a system that doesn't require " "putting people in prison for years because they shared with their friends, " "but still does in various ways encourage people to write more. We can also " "I believe look for other ways of encouraging writing other ways of " "facilitating authors making money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example, suppose that verbatim redistribution of a work is permitted and " "suppose that the work comes with something, so that when you are playing " "with it or reading it, there is a box on the side that says “click " "here to send one dollar to the authors or the musicians or whatever” I " "think that in the wealthier parts of the world a lot of people will send it " "because people often really love the authors and musicians that made the " "things that they like to read and listen to. And the interesting thing is " "that the royalty that they get now is such a small fraction that if you pay " "twenty dollars for something they're probably not getting more than one " "anyway." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So this will be a far more efficient system. And the interesting thing will " "be that when people redistribute these copies they will be helping the " "author. Essentially advertising them, spreading around these reasons to " "send them a dollar. Now right now the biggest reason why more people don't " "just send some money to the authors is that it's a pain in the neck to do " "it. What are you going to do? Write a cheque? Then who are you going to " "mail the cheque to? You'd have to dig up their address, which might not be " "easy. But with a convenient internet payment system which makes it " "efficient to pay someone one dollar, then we could put this into all the " "copies, and then I think you'd find the mechanism starting to work well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It may take five of ten years for the ideas to spread around, because it's a " "cultural thing, you know, at first people might find it a little surprising " "but once it gets normal people would become accustomed to sending the money, " "and it wouldn't be a lot of money compared to what it costs to buy books " "today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[drinks]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So I think that in this way, for the works of expression, and maybe " "aesthetic works, maybe this could a successful method. But it won't work " "for the functional works, and the reason for that is that as one person " "after another makes a modified version and publishes it, who should the " "boxes point to, and how much money should they send, and you know, it's easy " "to do this when the work was published just once, by a certain author, or " "certain group of authors, and they can just agree together what they're " "going to do and click on the box, if no-one is publishing modified versions " "then every copy will contain the same box with the same URL directing money " "to the same people but when you have different version which have been " "worked on by different people there's no simple automatic way of working out " "who ought to get what fraction of what users donate for this version or that " "version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It's philosophically hard to decide how important each contribution is, and " "all the obvious ways of trying to measure it are <em>[emphasis]</em> " "obviously <em>[/emphasis]</em> wrong in some cases, they're obviously " "closing their eyes to some important part of the facts so I think that this " "kind of solution is probably not feasible when everybody is free to publish " "modified versions. But for those kinds of works where it is not crucial to " "have the freedom to publish modified versions then this solution can be " "applied very simply once we have the convenient internet payment system to " "base it on." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "With regard to the aesthetic works. If there is a system where those who " "commercially redistribute or maybe even those who are publishing a modified " "version might have to negotiate the sharing of the payments with the " "original developers and then this kind of scheme could be extended to those " "works too even if modified versions are permitted there could be some " "standard formula which could be in some cases renegotiated, so I think in " "some cases probably possible even with a system of permitting in some way " "publishing modified versions of the aesthetic works it may be possible still " "to have this kind of voluntary payment system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now I believe there a people who are trying to set up such voluntary payment " "systems. I heard of something called the street performer's protocol. I " "don't know the details of it. And I believe there is something called " "GreenWitch.com <em>[transcriber's note: URL uncertain]</em> I believe the " "people there are trying to set up something more or less like this. I think " "that what they are hoping to do is collect a bunch of payments that you make " "to various different people, and eventually charge your credit card once it " "gets to be big enough so that it's efficient." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Whether those kind of systems work smoothly enough in practice that they'll " "get going is not clear, and whether they will become adopted widely enough " "for them to become a normal cultural practice is not clear. It may be that " "in order for these voluntary payments to truly catch on we need to have some " "kind of… you need to see the idea everywhere in order to… " "“Yeah, I outta pay“ once in a while. We'll see." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There is evidence ideas like this are not unreasonable. If you look at for " "example public radio in the US, which is mostly supported by donations from " "listeners, you have I believe, millions of people donating, I'm not sure how " "many exactly but there are many public radio stations which are supported by " "their listeners and they seem to be finding it easier to get donations as " "time goes on. Ten years ago they would have maybe six weeks of the year " "when they were spending most of their time asking people “Please send " "some money, don't you think we're important enough” and so on 24 hours " "a day, and now a lot of them have found that they can raise the " "contributions by sending people mail who sent them donations in the past, " "and they don't have to spend their airtime drumming up the donations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Fundamentally, the stated purpose of copyright: to encourage righting is a " "worthwhile purpose, but we have to look at ways of ways to achieve it that " "are not so harsh, and not so constricting of the use of the works whose " "developments we have encouraged and I believe that digital technology is " "providing us with solutions to the problem as well as creating a context " "where we need to solve the problem. So that's the end of this talk, and are " "there questions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Questions and discussion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "First of all, what time is the next talk? What time is it now?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>Me</strong>: The time is quarter past three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh really? So I'm late already? Well I hope Melanie " "will permit me to accept a few questions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM6</strong> (Audience member 6): Who will decide in which of your " "three categories will a work fit?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I'm sure there are various ways of " "deciding. You can probably tell a novel when you see one. I suspect judges " "can tell a novel when they see one too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM7</strong>: Any comment on encryption? And the interaction of " "encryption devices with copyrighted materials?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, encryption is being used as a means of " "controlling the public. The publishers are trying to impose various " "encryption systems on the public so that they can block the public from " "copying. Now they call these things technological methods, but really they " "all rest on laws prohibiting people from by-passing them, and without those " "laws none of these methods would accomplish its purpose, so they are all " "based on direct government intervention to stop people from copying and I " "object to them very strongly, and I will not accept those media. If as a " "practical matter the means to copy something are not available to me I won't " "buy it, and I hope you won't buy it either." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM8</strong>: In France we have a law that says that even if the " "media is protected you have the right to copy again for backup purpose" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes it used to be that way in the US as well until 2 " "years ago." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM8</strong>: Very often you sign an agreement that is illegal in " "France… the contract you are supposed to sign with a mouse…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, maybe they're not." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>AM8</strong>: How can we get it challenged?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[rhetorically]</em> Well are you going to " "challenge them? It costs money, it takes trouble, and not only that, how " "would you do it? Well, you could either try to go to a court and say, " "“They have no right to ask people to sign this contract because it is " "an invalid contract” but that might be difficult if the distributor is " "in the US. French law about what is a valid contract couldn't be used to " "stop them in the US. On the other hand you could also say “I signed " "this contract but it's not valid in France so I am publicly disobeying, and " "I challenge them to sue me.” Now that you might consider doing, and if " "you're right and the laws are not valid in France then the case would get " "thrown out. I don't know. Maybe that is a good idea to do, I don't know " "whether, what its effects politically would be." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I know that there was just a couple of years ago a law was passed in Europe " "to prohibit some kind of private copying of music, and the record companies " "trotted out some famous very popular musicians to push for this law and they " "got it, so it's clear that they have a lot of influence here too, and it's " "possible that they will get more, just pass another law to change this. We " "have to think about the political strategy for building the constituency to " "resist such changes and the actions we take should be designed to accomplish " "that. Now, I'm no expert on how to accomplish that in Europe but that's " "what people should think about." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>AM6</strong>: What about protection of private correspondence?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, if you're not <em>[emphasis]</em> publishing " "<em>[/emphasis]</em> it that's a completely different issue." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM6</strong>: No, but if I send an email to somebody, that's " "automatically under my copyright." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[forcefully]</em> That's entirely irrelevant " "actually." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM6</strong>: No, I don't accept that. If they're going to publish " "it in a newspaper. At the moment my redress is my copyright." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, you can't make him keep secret the contents and " "I'm not sure actually. I mean to me, I think there's some injustice in " "that. If you for example, send a letter to somebody threatening to sue him " "and then you tell him you can't tell anybody I did this because my threat is " "copyrighted, that's pretty obnoxious, and I'm not sure that it would even be " "upheld." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM6</strong>: Well, there are circumstances where I want to " "correspond with someone and keep my (and their) reply, entirely private." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well if you and they agree to keep it private, then " "that's a different matter entirely. I'm sorry the two issues can not be " "linked, and I don't have time to consider that issue today. There's another " "talk scheduled to start soon. But I think it is a total mistake for " "copyright to apply to such situations. The ethics of those situations are " "completely different from the ethics of published works and so they should " "be treated in an appropriate way, which is completely different." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM6</strong>: That's fair enough, but at the moment the only redress " "one has is copyright…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[interrupts]</em> No you're wrong. If people have " "agreed to keep something private then you have other redress. In Europe " "there are privacy laws, and the other thing is, you don't have a right to " "force someone to keep secrets for you. At most, you could force him to " "paraphrase it, because he has a right to tell people what you did." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM6</strong>: Yes, but I assuming that the two people at either end " "are both in reasonable agreement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well then, don't say that copyright is your only " "recourse. If he's in agreement he isn't going to give it to a newspaper is " "he?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM6</strong>: No, er, you're sidestepping my question about " "interception." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Oh interception. That's a totally different… " "<em>[heatedly]</em> no you didn't ask about interception. This is the first " "time you mentioned interception…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>AM6</strong>: No it's the second time." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>AM9</strong>: <em>[murmurs assent to AM6]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[still heated]</em> Well I didn't hear you " "before… it's totally silly… it's like trying to… oh how " "can I compare?… it's like trying to kill an elephant with a waffle " "iron I mean they have nothing to do with each other." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[uninterpretable silence falls]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM10</strong>: Have you thought about changes <em>[inaudible, in " "trade secrets?]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Uh yes: Trade secrets has developed in a very ominous " "and menacing direction. It used to be that trade secrecy meant that you " "wanted to keep something secret so you didn't tell anybody, and later on it " "was something that was done within a business telling just a few people " "something and they would agree to keep it secret. But now, it's turning " "into something where the public in general is becoming conscripted into " "keeping secrets for business even if they have never agreed in any way to " "keep these secrets and that's a pressure." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So those who pretend that trade secrecy is just carrying out some natural " "right of theirs; that's just not true any more. They're getting explicit " "government help in forcing other people to keep their secrets. And we might " "want to consider whether non-disclosure agreements should in general be " "considered legitimate contracts because of the anti-social nature of trade " "secrecy it shouldn't be considered automatic that just because somebody has " "promised to keep a secret that that means it's binding." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Maybe in some cases it should be and in some cases it should not be. If " "there's a clear public benefit from knowing then maybe that should " "invalidate the contract, or maybe it should be valid when it is signed with " "customers or maybe between a business and a, maybe when a business supplies " "secrets to its suppliers that should be legitimate, but to its customers, " "no." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There are various possibilities one can think of, but at the very start " "anybody who hasn't voluntarily agreed to keep the secrets should not be " "bound by trade secrecy. That's the way it was until not long ago. Maybe it " "still is that way in Europe, I'm not sure." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: Is is OK for a company to ask say its…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: employees?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>AM11</strong>: No no" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: suppliers?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM11</strong>: yes, suppliers. What if the customer is another " "supplier?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[gap as minidisk changed]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: Let's start by not encouraging it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM12</strong>: I have a question regarding your opinion on the " "scientific work on journals and textbooks. In my profession at least one " "official journal and textbook are available on-line, but they retain " "copyright, but there is free access to the resources provided they have " "internet access." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, that's good. But there are many journals where " "it is not like that. For example, the ACM journals you can't access unless " "you are a subscriber: they're blocked. So I think journals should all start " "opening up access on the web." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM12</strong>: So what impact does that have on the significance of " "copyright on the public when you basically don't interfere with providing " "free access on the web." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Well, first of all, I disagree. Mirror sites are " "essential, so the journal should only provide open access but they should " "also give everyone the freedom to set up mirror sites with verbatim copies " "of these papers. If not then there is a danger that they will get lost. " "Various kinds of calamities could cause them to be lost, you know, natural " "disasters, political disasters, technical disasters, bureaucratic disasters, " "fiscal disasters… All sorts of things could cause that one site to " "disappear. So really what the scholarly community should logically be doing " "is carefully arranging to have a wide network of mirror sites making sure " "that every paper is available on every continent, from places near the ocean " "to places that are far inland and you know this is exactly the kind of thing " "that major libraries will feel is their mission if only they were not being " "stopped." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So what should be done, is that these journals should go one step further. " "In addition to saying everybody can access the site they should be saying, " "everyone can set up a mirror site. Even if they said, you have to do the " "whole publication of this journal, together with our advertisements, now " "that would still at least do the job of making the availability redundant so " "that it's not in danger, and other institutions would set up mirror sites, " "and I predict that you would find ten years down the road, a very well " "organised unofficial system of co-ordinating the mirroring to make sure that " "nothing was getting left out." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "At this point the amount that it costs to set up the mirror site for years " "of a journal is so little that it doesn't require any special funding; " "nobody has to work very hard: just let librarians do it. Anyway, oh there " "was some other thing that this raised and I can't remember what it is. Oh " "well, I'll just have to let it go." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM13</strong>: The financing problem for the aesthetical " "works… do you think the dynamics could be… " "<em>[inaudible]</em> although I understand the problems of… I mean " "who's contributing? And who will be rewarded? Does the spirit of free " "software <em>[inaudible]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. It's certainly suggesting the idea to " "people. We'll see. I don't the answers, I don't know how we're going to " "get there, I'm trying to think about where we should get to. I know know " "how we can get there. The publishers are so powerful, and can get " "governments to do their bidding. How we're going to build up the kind of " "world where the public refuses to tolerate this any more I don't know. I " "think the first thing we have to do is to clearly reject the term pirate and " "the views that go with it. Every time we hear that we have to speak out and " "say this is propaganda, it's not wrong for people to share these published " "works with each other, it's sharing with you friend, it's good. And sharing " "with your friend is more important than how much money these companies get. " "The society shouldn't be shaped for the sake of these companies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We have to keep on… because you see the idea that they've " "spread—that anything that reduces their income is immoral and " "therefore people must be restricted in any way it takes to guarantee for " "them to be paid for everything… that is the fundamental thing that we " "have to start attacking directly. People have mostly tried tactics of " "concentrating on secondary issues, you know, to when people, you know when " "the publishers demand increased power usually people saying it will cause " "some secondary kind of harm and arguing based on that but you rarely find " "anybody (except me) saying that the whole point of the change is wrong, that " "it's wrong to restrict it in that way, that it's legitimate for people to " "want to change copies and that they should be allowed to. We have to have " "more of this. We have to start cutting the root of their dominion not just " "hacking away at a few leaves." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>AM14</strong>: <em>[inaudible]</em> this is important is to " "concentrate on the donations system for music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: Yes. Unfortunately though there are patents covering " "the technique that seems most likely to be usable." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>[laughs, cries of “no” from audience]</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>RMS</strong>: So it may take ten years before we can do it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<strong>AM15</strong>: We only take French laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I think I'd better hand the floor over " "to Melanie whose talk was supposed to start at 3. And uh so" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "RMS stands in silence. There is a pause before the outbreak of applause. " "RMS turns to applaud the stuffed fabric gnu he placed on the overhead " "projector at the beginning of the talk." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2000, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""