# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/devils-advocate.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: devils-advocate.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-09-02 17:25+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Devil's Advocate - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Why the Devil's Advocate Doesn't Help Reach the Truth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Playing the devil's advocate means challenging a position by saying what a " "hypothetical adversary would say. I encounter this frequently in interviews " "and Q&A sessions, and many people believe that this is a good way to put " "a controversial position to the test. What it really does is put the " "controversial position at a disadvantage." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There is an indirect way of playing the devil's advocate: to say, “If " "I defended your position, how should I respond if someone said XYZ?” " "This is less unfriendly than the ordinary devil's advocate, who would simply " "say XYZ, but has the same effect." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Cunning adversaries try intentionally to obstruct thoughtful consideration " "of a position they oppose. My cunning and unscrupulous adversary (the " "“devil,” let us say) would not want my views to get a proper " "hearing, especially if the devil thinks they are valid and people might " "agree with them. The best way to prevent that is to block me from making " "them understood." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The devil achieves that by twisting my words: presenting a misleading " "context in which my words appear to mean something other than what I " "intended. If this succeeds, it will confuse the audience and distract them " "from the issue, in effect preventing it from being properly raised. If this " "makes my words appear to mean something that the audience will condemn, and " "which nobody present is really in favor of, I may need a long explanation to " "get back on track. There may not be time for this, or the audience might " "lose focus." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If I succeed in overcoming the first misunderstanding, the cunning adversary " "would spring another, and another. If the adversary is better at verbal " "fencing than I am, I might never get my point across. If the stress makes " "me heated and I have trouble speaking clearly, the adversary will count that " "a success. It matters little to the devil whether it is my position that is " "vanquished or only me personally, as long as the audience rejects my views." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you are not a real “devil,” only playing the devil's " "advocate, you would not really wish to prevent me from presenting the " "intended point. But you may prevent it without intending to. Playing the " "devil's advocate means you act hostile even though you don't feel " "hostility. Once you decide to say what an adversary would say, you are " "likely to do the job as well as you can, by imitating the toughest adversary " "you can imagine: the cunning and unscrupulous one, whose goal is to oppose " "rather than to get at the truth." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you know what such adversaries have said to me, or if you are skilled at " "imagining them, you would say the same things they do. These statements " "could distract the audience and block consideration of the issue, just as if " "a real adversary had said them. But if you are not really my adversary, " "that result may not be what you really want. If your goal was to shed light " "on the issue, your approach will have backfired." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "What I say on many issues goes against the establishment position, and I " "don't expect people to agree with me without considering the issue " "thoroughly, including the counterarguments. Indeed, it would be almost " "impossible for anyone to avoid considering the establishment's arguments, " "since everyone knows them by heart. To judge what is right requires getting " "to the bottom of the issue." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The kind of questions that help get to the bottom of an issue are not those " "that a cunning and unscrupulous adversary would pose, but rather those of a " "thoughtful person who has not made up per mind (<a href=\"#ft1\">1</a>). " "They are questions that prise apart the aspects of the issue, so one can see " "the various possible positions on each aspect, what they imply, and how they " "relate. Very different from playing devil's advocate." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Thus, instead of trying to play the devil's advocate, I suggest that you " "adopt the goal of “probing the issues.” And if you are asked how " "you would answer if someone else asked a hostile question, perhaps this " "essay is a good response." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Footnote" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "" "The author uses the gender-neutral third person singular pronouns " "“person,” “per,” and “pers.”" msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2012, 2017, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""