msgid "" "Is Digital Inclusion a Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is? - GNU Project " "- Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Is Digital Inclusion a Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Digital information and communication technology offers the possibility of a " "new world of freedom. It also offers possibilities of surveillance and " "control which dictatorships of the past could only struggle to establish. " "The battle to decide between these possibilities is being fought now." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Activities directed at “including” more people in the use of " "digital technology are predicated on the assumption that such inclusion is " "invariably a good thing. It appears so, when judged solely by immediate " "practical convenience. However, if we judge also in terms of human rights, " "the question of whether digital inclusion is good or bad depends on what " "kind of digital world we are to be included in. If we wish to work towards " "digital inclusion as a goal, it behooves us to make sure it is the good " "kind." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The digital world today faces six major threats to users' freedom: " "surveillance, censorship, proprietary software, restricted formats, software " "as a service, and copyright enforcement. A program to promote " "“digital inclusion” must take account of these threats, so as to " "avoid exposing its intended beneficiaries to them. First we look at the " "nature of these threats; then we propose measures to resist them, " "collectively and individually." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "SURVEILLANCE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Digital surveillance systems are spreading. The UK uses computers with " "cameras to track all car travel. China plans to identify and photograph " "everyone that uses an Internet cafe.<a id=\"tex2html1\" " "href=\"#foot100\"><sup>1</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Cell phones are Big Brother's tools. Some can be activated by remote " "command to listen to the user's conversations without giving any sign of " "listening, by the police<a id=\"tex2html3\" " "href=\"#foot101\"><sup>2</sup></a> and by unauthorized individuals.<a " "id=\"tex2html5\" href=\"#foot102\"><sup>3</sup></a> Users are unable to stop " "this because the software in the phone is not free/libre, thus not under the " "users' control." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Cell phones also localize the user, even when set to “idle.” The " "phone network needs to know roughly where the phone is located in order to " "communicate with it, and can easily record that information permanently. " "However, networks are designed to locate phones far more accurately by " "triangulation. They can do it even better with GPS in the phone, with or " "without the user's consent." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In many countries, universal digital surveillance does not record what you " "say, only who you talk with. But that is enough to be quite dangerous, " "since it allows the police to follow social networks. If a known dissident " "talks with you by phone or email, you are a candidate for labeling as a " "dissident. It is no use ceasing to communicate by phone or email with " "fellow dissidents when a dictator takes power, because his secret police " "will have access to records of your past communications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The European Union mandates keeping records of all phone calls and email for " "periods up to two years. The stated purpose of this surveillance is to " "“prevent terrorism.” Bush's illegal surveillance of phone calls " "also cited this purpose. Non-state-sponsored terrorism is a real danger in " "a few countries, but the magnitude is often exaggerated; more people died in " "the US in September 2001 from car accidents than from terrorism, but we have " "no Global War on Accidents. By contrast, the practice of labeling political " "opposition as “terrorists,” and using supposed " "“anti-terror” laws to infiltrate and sabotage their activities, " "threatens democracy everywhere. For instance, the US Joint Terrorism Task " "Force infiltrated a wide range of political opposition groups.<a " "id=\"tex2html7\" href=\"#foot103\"><sup>4</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "False accusations of “terrorism” are standard practice for " "suppressing political opposition. In the US, protesters who smashed windows " "at the 2008 Republican National Convention were charged with " "“terrorism.”<a id=\"tex2html9\" " "href=\"#foot104\"><sup>5</sup></a> More recently, Iran described protesters " "demanding a new election as “terrorists.”<a id=\"tex2html11\" " "href=\"#foot105\"><sup>6</sup></a> The generals who ruled most of South " "America in the 1970s offered precisely that justification for their " "systematic murder of dissidents.<a id=\"tex2html13\" " "href=\"#foot20\"><sup>7</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A free society does not guarantee anonymity in what you do outside your " "home: it is always possible that someone will notice where you went on the " "street, or that a merchant will remember what you bought. This information " "is dispersed, not assembled for ready use. A detective can track down the " "people who noticed you and ask them for it; each person may or may not say " "what he knows about you. The effort required for this limits how often it " "is done." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "By contrast, systematic digital surveillance collects all the information " "about everyone for convenient use for whatever purpose, whether it be " "marketing, infiltration, or arrest of dissidents. Because this endangers " "the people's control over the state, we must fight against surveillance " "whether or not we oppose current government policies. Given the " "surveillance and tracking which cell phones do, I have concluded it is my " "duty to refuse to have one, despite the convenience it would offer. I have " "few secrets about my own travels, most of which are for publicly announced " "speeches, but we need to fight surveillance even if it is established while " "we have no particular secrets to keep." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The UK car travel surveillance system has already been used against " "political dissidents.<a id=\"tex2html14\" href=\"#foot106\"><sup>8</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "CENSORSHIP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When the topic of Internet censorship is mentioned, people are likely to " "think of China, but many supposedly freedom-respecting countries have " "imposed censorship. Denmark's government has blocked access to a secret " "list of web pages. Australia's government wants to do likewise, but has met " "strong resistance, so instead it has forbidden links to a long list of " "URLs. Electronic Frontiers Australia was forced, under threat of fines of " "AUD 11,000 per day, to remove a link to an anti-abortion political web " "site.<a id=\"tex2html16\" href=\"#foot107\"><sup>9</sup></a> Denmark's " "secret list of forbidden URLs was leaked and posted on Wikileaks; that page " "is now on Australia's banned list.<a id=\"tex2html18\" " "href=\"#foot108\"><sup>10</sup></a> Germany is on the verge of launching " "Internet censorship.<a id=\"tex2html20\" href=\"#foot109\"><sup>11</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Censorship of the contents of web sites is also a threat. India just " "announced a broad plan of censorship that would effectively abolish freedom " "of the press on the Internet.<a id=\"tex2html22\" " "href=\"#foot110\"><sup>12</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some European countries censor particular political views on the Internet. " "In the United States, people have been imprisoned as " "“terrorists” for running a web site which discussed actions " "taken against experiments on animals.<a id=\"tex2html24\" " "href=\"#foot28\"><sup>13</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Another common excuse for censorship is the claim that “obscene” " "works are dangerous. I agree that some works are obscene; for instance, the " "gruesome violence in the movie Pulp Fiction revolted me, and I will try " "never to see such a thing again. But that does not justify censoring it; no " "matter how obscene a work may be, censorship is more so. A variant of this " "excuse is “protecting children,” which plays to the exaggerated " "and mostly misplaced fears of parents.<a id=\"tex2html25\" " "href=\"#foot111\"><sup>14</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Censorship is nothing new. What is new is the ease and effectiveness of " "censorship on electronic communication and publication (even where a few " "wizards have ways to bypass it). China in 1960 achieved effective " "censorship by cutting its population off from the world, but that held back " "the country's development, which was painful for the regime as well as for " "the population. Today China uses digital technology to achieve effective " "political censorship without cutting itself off in other ways.<a " "id=\"tex2html27\" href=\"#foot112\"><sup>15</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "SOFTWARE YOU CAN'T CONTROL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In order for computer users to have freedom in their own computing " "activities, they must have control over the software they use. This means " "it must be <em>free software</em>, which I here call " "“free/libre” so as to emphasize that this is a matter of " "freedom, not price." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A program is free/libre if it gives the user these four essential " "freedoms:<a id=\"tex2html29\" href=\"#foot113\"><sup>16</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "<i>0.</i> Freedom to run the program as you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<i>1.</i> Freedom to study the source code, and change it to make the " "program do what you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<i>2.</i> Freedom to redistribute and/or republish exact copies. (This is " "the freedom to help your neighbor.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<i>3.</i> Freedom to distribute and/or publish copies of your modified " "versions. (This is the freedom to contribute to your community.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When software is free/libre, the users control what it does. A nonfree or " "<em>proprietary</em> program is under the control of its developer, and " "functions as an instrument to give the developer control over the users. It " "may be convenient, or it may not, but in either case it imposes on its users " "a social system that keeps them divided and helpless. Avoiding this " "injustice and giving users control over their computing requires the four " "freedoms. Freedoms 0 and 1 give you control over your own computing, and " "freedom 3 enables users to work together to jointly control their computing, " "while freedom 2 means users are not kept divided.<a id=\"tex2html31\" " "href=\"#foot114\"><sup>17</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many argue that free/libre software is impossible on theoretical economic " "grounds. Some of them misinterpret free/libre software as “gratis " "software”; others understand the term correctly, but either way they " "claim that businesses will never want to develop such software. Combining " "this with a theoretical premise such as “Useful software can only be " "developed by paying programmers,” they conclude that free software " "could never exist. This argument is typically presented elliptically in the " "form of a question such as, “How can programmers make a living if " "software is free?” Both premises, as well as the conclusion, " "contradict well-known facts; perhaps the elliptical questions are meant to " "obscure the premises so people will not compare them with the facts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We know that free software can be developed because so much of it exists. " "There are thousands of useful free programs,<a id=\"tex2html34\" " "href=\"#foot115\"><sup>18</sup></a> and millions of users<a " "id=\"tex2html36\" href=\"#foot116\"><sup>19</sup></a> run the GNU/Linux<a " "id=\"tex2html38\" href=\"#foot117\"><sup>20</sup></a> operating system. " "Thousands of programmers write useful free software as volunteers.<a " "id=\"tex2html40\" href=\"#foot118\"><sup>21</sup></a> Companies such as Red " "Hat, IBM, Oracle, and Google pay programmers to write free software. I do " "not know even approximately how many paid free software developers there " "are; studying the question would be useful. Alexandre Zapolsky of the free " "software business event Paris Capitale du Libre (<a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140402120239/http://paris-libre.org/\">www.paris-libre.org</a>) " "said in 2007 that the free software companies of France had over 10,000 " "employees." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most computer users use proprietary software, and are accustomed to letting " "a few companies control their computing. If you are one of them, you may " "have accepted the view that it is normal and proper for those companies, " "rather than you, to have control. You may also believe that " "“reputable” developers will not use their power to mistreat " "you. The fact is that they do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Microsoft Windows has features to spy on the user,<a id=\"tex2html43\" " "href=\"#foot119\"><sup>22</sup></a> Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) " "features designed to stop the user from making full use of his own files,<a " "id=\"tex2html45\" href=\"#foot120\"><sup>23</sup></a> and an all-purpose " "back door with which Microsoft can forcibly change the software in any way " "at any time.<a id=\"tex2html47\" href=\"#foot121\"><sup>24</sup></a> " "Microsoft can alter any software, not just its own.<a id=\"tex2html49\" " "href=\"#foot122\"><sup>25</sup></a> Cell phones tied to particular phone " "networks may give the network a similar back door. MacOS also has DRM " "features designed to restrict the user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The only known defense against malicious features is to insist on software " "that is controlled by the users: free/libre software. It is not a perfect " "guarantee, but the alternative is no defense at all. If code is law, those " "governed by it must have the power to decide what it should say." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "RESTRICTED FORMATS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Restricted file formats impose private control over communication and " "publication. Those who control the formats control, in a general sense, " "society's use of information, since it can't be distributed or read/viewed " "without their permission." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For instance, text files are often distributed in the secret Microsoft Word " "format, which other developers have only imperfectly been able to decode and " "implement. This practice is comparable to publishing books in a secret " "alphabet which only officially approved scribes know how to read. Italian " "public television (RAI) distributes video in VC-1 format, whose " "specifications are available only under nondisclosure agreement from the " "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. (As of 2016 RAI seems " "to have shifted to a non-secret format.) Ironically, the SMPTE states this " "in a Word file, which is not suitable to cite as a reference.<a " "id=\"tex2html51\" href=\"#foot123\"><sup>26</sup></a> This standard has been " "partly decoded through reverse engineering." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most music distribution on the Internet uses the patented MP3 format<a " "id=\"tex2html82\" href=\"#foot137\"><sup>42</sup></a>, and most video uses " "patented MPEG-4 formats such as DIVX and H.264. VC-1 is also patented.<a " "id=\"tex2html53\" href=\"#foot124\"><sup>27</sup></a> Any software patent " "directly attacks every user's freedom to use her computer. Use of patented " "data formats is comparable to mandating that people use officially approved " "scribes rather than do their own reading and writing. Patents on MPEG " "formats have been used to attack and threaten developers and distributors of " "programs that can handle these formats, including free/libre programs. Some " "distributors of the GNU/Linux system, for instance Red Hat, do not dare to " "include support for these programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A restricted format is a trap; any and all use of the format has the effect " "of pushing computer users into the trap. Inclusion in dependence on these " "formats is not a step forward." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Typical proprietary software gives you only a binary, whose actions are " "controlled by the developer, and not by you. A new practice called " "“software as a service,” or “SaaS,” gives you even " "less control. With SaaS you don't even get a copy of the program you can " "run. Instead, you send your data to a server, a program runs there, and the " "server sends you back the result. If users have a binary, they could " "reverse-engineer it and patch it if they are really determined. With SaaS, " "they can't even do that." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Reverse engineering being so difficult, perhaps software as a service is " "little worse than proprietary software. The point, however, is that it is " "no better. For users to have control of their computing, they must avoid " "SaaS just as they must avoid proprietary software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For the preparation of this paper I was invited to use an IEEE site called " "pdf-express.org to convert my PDF file into one with the embedded fonts " "required for the conference proceedings. Looking at that site, I concluded " "that it was an instance of software as a service, and therefore I should not " "use it. Another strike against it is that it requires users to identify " "themselves, which is gratuitous surveillance." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It's not that I'm specifically worried that this site is malicious. I " "cannot trust the IEEE implicitly, since I disapprove of its restrictions on " "redistributing the papers it publishes, but there is little scope in that " "particular site's job for intentional mistreatment of its users (aside from " "the gratuitous surveillance). However, the point is not whether this " "particular site abuses its power. The point is that we should not let " "ourselves become accustomed to granting others that sort of power over us. " "The habit of handing over control of our computing to others is a dangerous " "one. The way to resist the practice is to refuse invitations to follow it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The only way to maintain your control over your computing is to do it using " "your own copy of a free/libre program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "COPYRIGHT AND SHARING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The biggest conflict over freedom in the Internet is the War on Sharing: the " "attempt by the publishing industry to prevent Internet users from enjoying " "the capability to copy and share information." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright was established in the age of the printing press as an industrial " "regulation on the business of writing and publishing. The aim was to " "encourage the publication of a diversity of written works. The means used " "was to require publishers to get the author's permission to publish recent " "writings. This enabled authors to get income from publishers, which " "facilitated and encouraged writing. The general reading public received the " "benefit of this, while losing little: copyright restricted only publication, " "not the things an ordinary reader could do, so it was easy to enforce and " "met with little opposition. That made copyright arguably a beneficial " "system for the public, and therefore legitimate." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Well and good—back then." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "The War on Sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Nowadays, computers and networks provide superior means for distributing and " "manipulating information, including published software, musical recordings, " "texts, images, and videos. Networks offer the possibility of unlimited " "access to all sorts of data—an information utopia." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The works that people use to do practical jobs, such as software, recipes, " "text fonts, educational works and reference works, must be free/libre so " "that the users can control (individually and collectively) the jobs that " "they do with these works. That argument does not apply to other kinds of " "works, such as those which state what certain people thought, and artistic " "works, so it is not ethically obligatory for them to be free/libre. But " "there is a minimum freedom that the public must have for all published " "works: the freedom to share exact copies noncommercially. Sharing is good; " "sharing creates the bonds of society. When copying and sharing a book was " "so difficult that one would hardly ask such a large favor, the issue of " "freedom to share was moot. Today, the Internet makes sharing easy, and thus " "makes the freedom to share essential." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "One obstacle stands in the way of this utopia: copyright. Readers and " "listeners who make use of their new ability to copy and share published " "information are technically copyright infringers. The same law which " "formerly acted as a beneficial industrial regulation on publishers has now " "become a restriction on the public it was meant to benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In a democracy, a law that prohibits a popular and useful activity is " "usually soon relaxed. Not so where corporations have more political power " "than the public. The entertainment companies' lobby is determined to " "prevent the public from taking advantage of the power of their computers, " "and has found copyright a suitable tool. Under their influence, rather than " "relaxing copyright rules to permit productive and free use of the Internet, " "governments have made it stricter than ever, forbidding the act of sharing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The publishers and their friendly governments would like to go to any length " "they can get away with to wage the War on Sharing. In the US, the record " "companies' legal arm (the RIAA) regularly sues teenagers for hundreds of " "thousands of dollars, and one sharer was fined almost two million.<a " "id=\"tex2html56\" href=\"#foot125\"><sup>28</sup></a> The French government " "recently passed a law (HADOPI) to abolish the principle of due process of " "law, by punishing Internet users with disconnection on the mere accusation " "of copying. Only certain selected, government-approved organizations were " "empowered to make such accusations; thus, this law meant to abolish " "Liberté, Egalité, and Fraternité with one blow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The law was rejected as unconstitutional by the Constitutional Council.<a " "id=\"tex2html58\" href=\"#foot126\"><sup>29</sup></a> (It was subsequently " "changed, introducing a sham trial, to make it acceptable.) A similar law in " "New Zealand was withdrawn this year after public protests. The European " "Parliament recently voted against imposing similar injustice on the whole " "European Union, but the EU's weak form of democracy does not give Parliament " "the final decision. Some would like to go even further: a UK member of " "parliament proposed ten years' imprisonment for noncommercial sharing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The US, Canada, the European Union, and various other countries are engaged " "in negotiating the “Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement.” The " "negotiations are secret, but Canada reluctantly published a list of " "suggestions it received from private parties, and HADOPI-style punishment " "without trial was one of them.<a id=\"tex2html60\" " "href=\"#foot127\"><sup>30</sup></a> The suggestion is likely to have come " "from the copyright lobby, which has great influence in the US government and " "others, so the danger is not negligible. European officials may seek to use " "this treaty to circumvent the European Parliament, following a practice " "known as “policy laundering.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The corporations that profit most from copyright legally exercise it in the " "name of the authors (most of whom actually gain little). They would have us " "believe that copyright is a natural right of authors, and that we the public " "must suffer it no matter how painful it is. They call sharing " "“piracy,” equating helping your neighbor with attacking a ship." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Public anger over these measures is growing, but it is held back by " "propaganda. Terms such as “piracy,”<a id=\"tex2html62\" " "href=\"#foot128\"><sup>31</sup></a> “protecting authors” and " "“intellectual property,”<a id=\"tex2html64\" " "href=\"#foot129\"><sup>32</sup></a> and claims that reading, viewing or " "listening to anything without paying is “theft,” have convinced " "many readers that their rights and interests do not count. This propaganda " "implicitly assumes that publishers deserve the special power which they " "exercise in the name of the authors, and that we are morally obliged to " "suffer whatever measures might be needed to maintain their power." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Digital restrictions management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The publishers aim to do more than punish sharing. They have realized that " "by publishing works in encrypted formats, which can be viewed only with " "software designed to control the users, they could gain unprecedented power " "over all use of these works. They could compel people to pay, and also to " "identify themselves, every time they wish to read a book, listen to a song, " "or watch a video. They could make people's copies disappear on a planned " "schedule. They could even make copies unreadable at will, if they have " "all-purpose back-doors such as found in Windows, or special features for the " "purpose.<a id=\"tex2html66\" href=\"#foot130\"><sup>33</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Designing products and media to restrict the user is called Digital " "Restrictions Management, or DRM.<a id=\"tex2html68\" " "href=\"#foot66\"><sup>34</sup></a> Its purpose is an injustice: to deny " "computer users what would otherwise be their legal rights in using their " "copies of published works. Its method is a second injustice, since it " "imposes the use of proprietary software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The publishers gained US government support for their dream of total power " "with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA). This law gave " "publishers power, in effect, to write their own copyright rules, by " "implementing them in the code of the authorized player software. Even " "reading or listening is illegal when the software is designed to block it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The DMCA has an exception: it does not forbid uses that qualify as " "“fair use.” But it strips this exception of practical effect by " "censoring any software that people could use to do these things. Under the " "DMCA, any program that could be used to break digital handcuffs is banned " "unless it has other comparably important “commercially " "significant” uses. (The denial of validity to any other kind of " "significance, such as social or ethical significance, explicitly endorses " "business' domination of society.) Practically speaking, the limited right " "to disobey your software jailer is meaningless since the means to do so is " "not available." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Similar software censorship laws have since been adopted in the European " "Union, Australia, and New Zealand, and other countries. Canada has tried to " "do this for several years, but opposition there has blocked it. The " "publishers' lobbies seek to impose these restrictions on all countries; for " "instance, the US demands them in trade treaties. WIPO (the World " "“Intellectual Property” Organization) helps, by promoting two " "treaties whose sole point is to require laws such as these. Signing these " "treaties does no good for a country's citizens, and there is no good reason " "why any country should sign them. But when countries do sign, politicians " "can cite “compliance with treaty obligations” as an excuse for " "software censorship." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We still have the same old freedoms in using paper books and other analog " "media. But if e-books replace printed books, those freedoms will not " "transfer. Imagine: no more used book stores; no more lending a book to your " "friend; no more borrowing one from the public library—no more " "“leaks” that might give someone a chance to read without " "paying. No more purchasing a book anonymously with cash—you can only " "buy an e-book with a credit card, thus enabling computerized " "surveillance—and public libraries become retail outlets. That is the " "world the publishers want for us. If you buy the Amazon Kindle (we call it " "the <a href=\"/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html\">Swindle</a>) or " "the Sony Reader (we call it the Shreader for what it threatens to do to " "books), you pay to establish that world." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "SUPPORTING THE ARTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The publishers tell us that a War on Sharing is the only way to keep art " "alive. Supporting the arts is a desirable goal, but it could not justify " "these means. Fortunately, it does not require them either. Public sharing " "of copies tends to call attention to obscure or niche works: when Monty " "Python put its video files on the net for download, its sales increased by a " "factor of over 200.<a id=\"tex2html69\" href=\"#foot131\"><sup>35</sup></a> " "Meanwhile, digital technology also offers new ways to support the arts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Donations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The singer Jane Siberry offers her music for download through her own web " "site, called <a id=\"tex2html71\" " "href=\"https://janesiberry.com\">janesiberry.com</a> in 2010, allowing " "people to pay whatever amount they wish. The average price paid per song " "was earlier reported to be more than the $.99 that the major record " "companies charge.<a id=\"tex2html72\" href=\"#foot132\"><sup>36</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Bestsellers also can still do well without stopping people from sharing. " "Stephen King got hundreds of thousands of dollars selling a serialized " "unencrypted e-book with no technical obstacle to sharing of copies. " "Radiohead made millions in 2007 by inviting fans to copy an album and pay " "what they wished, while it was also shared on the Internet. In 2008, Nine " "Inch Nails released an album with permission to share copies and made " "750,000 dollars in a few days.<a id=\"tex2html74\" " "href=\"#foot133\"><sup>37</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Even hampered by today's inconvenient methods of sending money to artists, " "voluntary contributions from fans can support them. Kevin Kelly, former " "editor of Wired Magazine, estimates the artist need only find approximately " "1,000 true fans in order to earn a living from their support.<a " "id=\"tex2html76\" href=\"#foot134\"><sup>38</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But when computer networks provide an easy anonymous method for sending " "someone a small amount of money, without requiring a credit card, voluntary " "support for artists will become far more effective. Every player could have " "a button you can press, “Click here to send the artists one " "dollar.” (The optimal amount may vary between countries; in India, one " "rupee might be a better choice.) Wouldn't you press it, at least once a " "week?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Why, today, would you hesitate to send one dollar to an artist, once a week " "or even once a day? Not because you would miss the dollar, but because of " "the inconvenience of sending it. Remove the inconvenience, and voluntary " "support for artists will soar." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Tax-based support" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Another way to support the arts is with tax funds: perhaps with a special " "tax on blank media or Internet connectivity, or with general revenue.<a " "id=\"tex2html78\" href=\"#foot135\"><sup>39</sup></a> If this is to succeed " "in supporting artists, the state should distribute the tax money directly " "and entirely to them, and make sure it cannot under any pretext be taken " "from them by publishers such as record companies. Thus, in order to design " "this tax system to achieve the valid goal of “supporting the " "arts,” we must first reject the misguided goal of “compensating " "the rights-holders.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The state should not distribute this tax money in linear proportion to " "popularity, because that would give most of it to superstars, leaving little " "to support all the other artists. I therefore recommend using a function " "whose derivative is positive but tends towards zero, such as cube root. " "With cube root, if superstar A has 1000 times the popularity of successful " "artist B, A will get 10 times as much money as B. (A linear system would " "give A 1000 times as much as B.) This way, although each superstar still " "gets a larger share than other artists, the superstars together will get " "only a small fraction of the funds, so that the system can adequately " "support a large number of fairly popular artists. This system would use its " "funds efficiently for the support of art." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I propose this system for art because art is where the controversy is. " "There is no fundamental reason why a tax-based system should not also be " "used to support functional works that ought to be free/libre, such as " "software and encyclopedias, but there is a practical difficulty in doing so: " "it is common for those works to have thousands of coauthors, and figuring " "out the right way to divide the funds among them might be difficult even " "with the cooperation and generosity of everyone involved. Fortunately it " "appears not to be necessary to solve this problem, because people already " "put so much effort into developing free/libre functional works." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Francis Muguet<a id=\"tex2html80\" href=\"#foot79\"><sup>40</sup></a> and I " "have developed a new proposal called the Mécénat Global (or Global " "Patronage) which combines the idea of tax-support and voluntary payments.<a " "id=\"tex2html81\" href=\"#foot136\"><sup>41</sup></a> Every Internet " "subscriber would pay a monthly fee to support certain arts that are shared " "on the Internet. Each user could optionally divide up to a certain maximum " "portion of her fee among her choice of works; the funds for each work would " "be divided among the creative contributors to the work (but not the " "publishers). The totals thus assigned to various artists would also provide " "a measure of each artist's popularity. The system would then distribute the " "rest of the money on the basis of that popularity, using a cube-root or " "similar tapering-off function." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "MAKING DIGITAL INCLUSION GOOD" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The paper so far describes the factors that can make digital inclusion good " "or bad. These factors are part of human society and subject to our " "influence. Beyond just asking whether and when digital inclusion is a good " "thing, we can consider how to make sure it is good." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Defending freedom legally" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Full victory over the threats to digital freedom can only be achieved " "through changes in laws. Systematic collection or retention of information " "on any person using computers and/or networks should require a specific " "court order; travel and communication within any country should normally be " "anonymous. States should reject censorship and adopt constitutional " "protections against it. States should protect their computing sovereignty " "by using only free software, and schools should teach only free software in " "order to carry out their mission to educate good citizens of a strong, free " "and cooperating society." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To respect computer users' freedom to operate their computers, states should " "not allow patents to apply to software or (more generally) using computers " "in particular ways. States should mandate their own use of freely " "implementable, publicly documented formats for all communication with the " "public, and should lead the private sector also to use only these formats. " "To make copyright acceptable in the network age, noncommercial copying and " "sharing of published works should be legal. Commercial use of DRM should be " "prohibited, and independently developed free software to access DRM formats " "should be lawful." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To make these changes in laws happen, we need to organize. The Electronic " "Frontier Foundation (<a href=\"https://www.eff.org/\">eff.org</a>) " "campaigns against censorship and surveillance. End Software Patents (<a " "href=\"https://endsoftpatents.org/\">endsoftpatents.org</a>) campaigns " "against software patents. The Free Software Foundation campaigns against " "DRM through the site <a " "href=\"https://www.defectivebydesign.org/\">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Defending freedom personally" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "While we fight these legislative battles, we should also personally reject " "products and services designed to take away our freedom. To resist " "surveillance, we should avoid identifying ourselves to web sites unless it " "is inherently necessary, and we should buy things anonymously—with " "cash, not with bank cards. To maintain control of our computing, we should " "not use proprietary software or software as a service." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Above all, we should never buy or use products that implement DRM handcuffs " "unless we personally have the means to break them. Products with DRM are a " "trap; don't take the bait!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Defending others' freedom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We can take direct action to protect others' freedom in the digital world. " "For instance, we can remove the passwords from our wireless " "networks—it is safe, and it weakens government surveillance power. " "(The way to protect the privacy of our own Internet communications, to the " "extent that it is possible, is with end-to-end encryption.) If others use " "enough of the bandwidth to cause actual inconvenience, we need to protect " "ourselves, but we can try gentle methods first (such as talking with the " "neighbors, or setting a password occasionally for a day or two), and keep " "the option of a permanent password as a last resort." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When we publish, we should grant the users of our work the freedoms they " "deserve, by applying an explicit license appropriate to the type of work. " "For works that state your thoughts or observations, and artistic works, the " "license should permit at least noncommercial redistribution of exact copies; " "any Creative Commons license is suitable. (I insisted on such a license for " "this article.) Works that do functional jobs, such as software, reference " "works and educational works, should carry a free/libre license that grants " "users the four freedoms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Inclusion in freedom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In our efforts to help others in practical ways, we must avoid doing them " "harm at a deeper level. Until freedom is generally assured in Internet use, " "projects for digital inclusion must take special care that the computing " "they promote is the freedom-respecting kind. This means using free/libre " "software—certainly not Windows or MacOS. This means using free, " "documented formats, without DRM. It also means not exposing the supposed " "beneficiaries to surveillance or censorship through the computing practices " "to which they are being introduced." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Footnotes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… cafe.<a href=\"#tex2html1\"><sup>1</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/beijing-requires-photo-registration-at-all-internet-cafes-by\">cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/beijing-requires-photo-registration-at-all-internet-cafes-by</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… police<a href=\"#tex2html3\"><sup>2</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html\">schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… individuals.<a href=\"#tex2html5\"><sup>3</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. <a Dead link as of 2021-01-30 #. href="http://www.newarkspeaks.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5379"> # #. </a> # #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "See newarkspeaks.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5379." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… groups<a href=\"#tex2html7\"><sup>4</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.aclu.org/documents/fbi-jttf-spying\">aclu.org/documents/fbi-jttf-spying</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… “terrorism.”<a href=\"#tex2html9\"><sup>5</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.democracynow.org/2008/9/4/eight_members_of_rnc_activist_group\">democracynow.org/2008/9/4/eight_members_of_rnc_activist_group</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… “terrorists.”<a href=\"#tex2html11\"><sup>6</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"http://web-old.archive.org/web/20160722044945/http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=7891929\"> " "abcnews.go.com/international/story?id=7891929</a> (archived)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… dissidents.<a href=\"#tex2html13\"><sup>7</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See the documentary, Condor: the First War on Terror, by Rodrigo " "Vásquez (2003)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… dissidents.<a href=\"#tex2html14\"><sup>8</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm\">bbc.com/news/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… site.<a href=\"#tex2html16\"><sup>9</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190918142631/https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/302161/watchdog_threatens_online_rights_group_11k_fine\">computerworld.com.au/article/302161/watchdog_threatens_online_rights_group_11k_fine</a> " "(archived)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… list.<a href=\"#tex2html18\"><sup>10</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.smh.com.au/technology/banned-hyperlinks-could-cost-you-11-000-a-day-20090317-gdtf8j.html\">smh.com.au/technology/banned-hyperlinks-could-cost-you-11-000-a-day-20090317-gdtf8j.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… censorship.<a href=\"#tex2html20\"><sup>11</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://netzpolitik.org/2009/the-dawning-of-internet-censorship-in-germany/\">netzpolitik.org/2009/the-dawning-of-internet-censorship-in-germany/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… Internet.<a href=\"#tex2html22\"><sup>12</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt-gearing-up-to-gag-news-websites/articleshow/4562292.cms\">timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt-gearing-up-to-gag-news-websites/articleshow/4562292.cms</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… animals.<a href=\"#tex2html24\"><sup>13</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "I support medical research using animals, as well as abortion rights. Our " "defense of political freedom should not be limited to causes we agree with." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… parents.<a href=\"#tex2html25\"><sup>14</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190922143213/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article24476581.html\"> " "mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article24476581.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… ways.<a href=\"#tex2html27\"><sup>15</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.networkworld.com/article/2255678/20-years-after-tiananmen--china-containing-dissent-online.html\"> " "networkworld.com/article/2255678/20-years-after-tiananmen--china-containing-dissent-online.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… freedoms:<a href=\"#tex2html29\"><sup>16</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… divided.<a href=\"#tex2html31\"><sup>17</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/why-free.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a> and " "<a " "href=\"/philosophy/shouldbefree.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html</a> " "for other arguments." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… programs,<a href=\"#tex2html34\"><sup>18</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page\">directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… users<a href=\"#tex2html36\"><sup>19</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption\">wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… GNU/Linux<a href=\"#tex2html38\"><sup>20</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "See <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\">gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… volunteers.<a href=\"#tex2html40\"><sup>21</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/fs-motives.html</a> " "for some of their motives." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… user,<a href=\"#tex2html43\"><sup>22</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.theregister.com/2015/08/21/spotify_worse_than_the_nsa\"> " "theregister.com/2015/08/21/spotify_worse_than_the_nsa</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… files,<a href=\"#tex2html45\"><sup>23</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "See <a href=\"https://badvista.fsf.org/\">badvista.fsf.org/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… time.<a href=\"#tex2html47\"><sup>24</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.informationweek.com/government/microsoft-updates-windows-without-user-permission-apologizes\">informationweek.com/government/microsoft-updates-windows-without-user-permission-apologizes</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… own.<a href=\"#tex2html49\"><sup>25</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101030172636/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/microsoft_update_quietly_insta.html\">voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/microsoft_update_quietly_insta.html</a> " "(archived)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… reference.<a href=\"#tex2html51\"><sup>26</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "The standard in machine-readable form is only available to be " "“leased”; <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160423155515/http://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/IndividualLicenseAgreementforSMPTE_EngineeringDocuments.pdf\"> " "smpte.org/sites/default/files/IndividualLicenseAgreementforSMPTE_EngineeringDocuments.pdf</a> " "(archived)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… patented.<a href=\"#tex2html53\"><sup>27</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307122114/http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/176/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf\"> " "mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/176/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf</a> " "(archived)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… million.<a href=\"#tex2html56\"><sup>28</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2009/06/jammie-thomas-retrial-verdict/\">arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2009/06/jammie-thomas-retrial-verdict/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… Council.<a href=\"#tex2html58\"><sup>29</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.laquadrature.net/en/2009/06/10/hadopi-is-dead-three-strikes-killed-by-highest-court/\">laquadrature.net/en/2009/06/10/hadopi-is-dead-three-strikes-killed-by-highest-court/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… them.<a href=\"#tex2html60\"><sup>30</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2008/11/canadian-wish-list-for-secret-acta-treaty-long-varied/\">arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2008/11/canadian-wish-list-for-secret-acta-treaty-long-varied/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… “piracy,”<a href=\"#tex2html62\"><sup>31</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… property,”<a href=\"#tex2html64\"><sup>32</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a> " "for why this propaganda term is harmful." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… purpose.<a href=\"#tex2html66\"><sup>33</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html\">www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… DRM.<a href=\"#tex2html68\"><sup>34</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "Those publishers, in an act of doublespeak, call it “Digital Rights " "Management.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… 200.<a href=\"#tex2html69\"><sup>35</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://boingboing.net/2009/01/23/monty-pythons-free-w.html\">boingboing.net/2009/01/23/monty-pythons-free-w.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… charge.<a href=\"#tex2html72\"><sup>36</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://signalvnoise.com/posts/419-jane-siberrys-you-decide-what-feels-right-pricing\">signalvnoise.com/posts/419-jane-siberrys-you-decide-what-feels-right-pricing</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… days.<a href=\"#tex2html74\"><sup>37</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html\">boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… support.<a href=\"#tex2html76\"><sup>38</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://kk.org/thetechnium/1000-true-fans/\">kk.org/thetechnium/1000-true-fans/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… revenue.<a href=\"#tex2html78\"><sup>39</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a href=\"/philosophy/dat.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/dat.html</a> for my " "1992 proposal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… Muguet<a href=\"#tex2html80\"><sup>40</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "Head of the Knowledge Networks and Information Society lab at the University " "of Geneva." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… payments.<a href=\"#tex2html81\"><sup>41</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html\">stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… MP3<a href=\"#tex2html82\"><sup>42</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "As of 2017 the patents on playing MP3 files have reportedly expired." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This essay was first published in the proceedings of the ITU's 2009 " "Kaleidoscope conference in Mar del Plata, Argentina." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2009, 2013, 2023, 2024 Richard M. Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-11-09 14:55+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Is Digital Inclusion a Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is? - GNU Project " "- Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Is Digital Inclusion a Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Digital information and communication technology offers the possibility of a " "new world of freedom. It also offers possibilities of surveillance and " "control which dictatorships of the past could only struggle to establish. " "The battle to decide between these possibilities is being fought now." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Activities directed at “including” more people in the use of " "digital technology are predicated on the assumption that such inclusion is " "invariably a good thing. It appears so, when judged solely by immediate " "practical convenience. However, if we judge also in terms of human rights, " "the question of whether digital inclusion is good or bad depends on what " "kind of digital world we are to be included in. If we wish to work towards " "digital inclusion as a goal, it behooves us to make sure it is the good " "kind." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The digital world today faces six major threats to users' freedom: " "surveillance, censorship, proprietary software, restricted formats, software " "as a service, and copyright enforcement. A program to promote " "“digital inclusion” must take account of these threats, so as to " "avoid exposing its intended beneficiaries to them. First we look at the " "nature of these threats; then we propose measures to resist them, " "collectively and individually." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "SURVEILLANCE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Digital surveillance systems are spreading. The UK uses computers with " "cameras to track all car travel. China plans to identify and photograph " "everyone that uses an Internet cafe.<a id=\"tex2html1\" " "href=\"#foot100\"><sup>1</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Cell phones are Big Brother's tools. Some can be activated by remote " "command to listen to the user's conversations without giving any sign of " "listening, by the police<a id=\"tex2html3\" " "href=\"#foot101\"><sup>2</sup></a> and by unauthorized individuals.<a " "id=\"tex2html5\" href=\"#foot102\"><sup>3</sup></a> Users are unable to stop " "this because the software in the phone is not free/libre, thus not under the " "users' control." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Cell phones also localize the user, even when set to “idle.” The " "phone network needs to know roughly where the phone is located in order to " "communicate with it, and can easily record that information permanently. " "However, networks are designed to locate phones far more accurately by " "triangulation. They can do it even better with GPS in the phone, with or " "without the user's consent." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In many countries, universal digital surveillance does not record what you " "say, only who you talk with. But that is enough to be quite dangerous, " "since it allows the police to follow social networks. If a known dissident " "talks with you by phone or email, you are a candidate for labeling as a " "dissident. It is no use ceasing to communicate by phone or email with " "fellow dissidents when a dictator takes power, because his secret police " "will have access to records of your past communications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The European Union mandates keeping records of all phone calls and email for " "periods up to two years. The stated purpose of this surveillance is to " "“prevent terrorism.” Bush's illegal surveillance of phone calls " "also cited this purpose. Non-state-sponsored terrorism is a real danger in " "a few countries, but the magnitude is often exaggerated; more people died in " "the US in September 2001 from car accidents than from terrorism, but we have " "no Global War on Accidents. By contrast, the practice of labeling political " "opposition as “terrorists,” and using supposed " "“anti-terror” laws to infiltrate and sabotage their activities, " "threatens democracy everywhere. For instance, the US Joint Terrorism Task " "Force infiltrated a wide range of political opposition groups.<a " "id=\"tex2html7\" href=\"#foot103\"><sup>4</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "False accusations of “terrorism” are standard practice for " "suppressing political opposition. In the US, protesters who smashed windows " "at the 2008 Republican National Convention were charged with " "“terrorism.”<a id=\"tex2html9\" " "href=\"#foot104\"><sup>5</sup></a> More recently, Iran described protesters " "demanding a new election as “terrorists.”<a id=\"tex2html11\" " "href=\"#foot105\"><sup>6</sup></a> The generals who ruled most of South " "America in the 1970s offered precisely that justification for their " "systematic murder of dissidents.<a id=\"tex2html13\" " "href=\"#foot20\"><sup>7</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A free society does not guarantee anonymity in what you do outside your " "home: it is always possible that someone will notice where you went on the " "street, or that a merchant will remember what you bought. This information " "is dispersed, not assembled for ready use. A detective can track down the " "people who noticed you and ask them for it; each person may or may not say " "what he knows about you. The effort required for this limits how often it " "is done." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "By contrast, systematic digital surveillance collects all the information " "about everyone for convenient use for whatever purpose, whether it be " "marketing, infiltration, or arrest of dissidents. Because this endangers " "the people's control over the state, we must fight against surveillance " "whether or not we oppose current government policies. Given the " "surveillance and tracking which cell phones do, I have concluded it is my " "duty to refuse to have one, despite the convenience it would offer. I have " "few secrets about my own travels, most of which are for publicly announced " "speeches, but we need to fight surveillance even if it is established while " "we have no particular secrets to keep." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The UK car travel surveillance system has already been used against " "political dissidents.<a id=\"tex2html14\" href=\"#foot106\"><sup>8</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "CENSORSHIP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When the topic of Internet censorship is mentioned, people are likely to " "think of China, but many supposedly freedom-respecting countries have " "imposed censorship. Denmark's government has blocked access to a secret " "list of web pages. Australia's government wants to do likewise, but has met " "strong resistance, so instead it has forbidden links to a long list of " "URLs. Electronic Frontiers Australia was forced, under threat of fines of " "AUD 11,000 per day, to remove a link to an anti-abortion political web " "site.<a id=\"tex2html16\" href=\"#foot107\"><sup>9</sup></a> Denmark's " "secret list of forbidden URLs was leaked and posted on Wikileaks; that page " "is now on Australia's banned list.<a id=\"tex2html18\" " "href=\"#foot108\"><sup>10</sup></a> Germany is on the verge of launching " "Internet censorship.<a id=\"tex2html20\" href=\"#foot109\"><sup>11</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Censorship of the contents of web sites is also a threat. India just " "announced a broad plan of censorship that would effectively abolish freedom " "of the press on the Internet.<a id=\"tex2html22\" " "href=\"#foot110\"><sup>12</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some European countries censor particular political views on the Internet. " "In the United States, people have been imprisoned as " "“terrorists” for running a web site which discussed actions " "taken against experiments on animals.<a id=\"tex2html24\" " "href=\"#foot28\"><sup>13</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Another common excuse for censorship is the claim that “obscene” " "works are dangerous. I agree that some works are obscene; for instance, the " "gruesome violence in the movie Pulp Fiction revolted me, and I will try " "never to see such a thing again. But that does not justify censoring it; no " "matter how obscene a work may be, censorship is more so. A variant of this " "excuse is “protecting children,” which plays to the exaggerated " "and mostly misplaced fears of parents.<a id=\"tex2html25\" " "href=\"#foot111\"><sup>14</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Censorship is nothing new. What is new is the ease and effectiveness of " "censorship on electronic communication and publication (even where a few " "wizards have ways to bypass it). China in 1960 achieved effective " "censorship by cutting its population off from the world, but that held back " "the country's development, which was painful for the regime as well as for " "the population. Today China uses digital technology to achieve effective " "political censorship without cutting itself off in other ways.<a " "id=\"tex2html27\" href=\"#foot112\"><sup>15</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "SOFTWARE YOU CAN'T CONTROL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In order for computer users to have freedom in their own computing " "activities, they must have control over the software they use. This means " "it must be <em>free software</em>, which I here call " "“free/libre” so as to emphasize that this is a matter of " "freedom, not price." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A program is free/libre if it gives the user these four essential " "freedoms:<a id=\"tex2html29\" href=\"#foot113\"><sup>16</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "<i>0.</i> Freedom to run the program as you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<i>1.</i> Freedom to study the source code, and change it to make the " "program do what you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<i>2.</i> Freedom to redistribute and/or republish exact copies. (This is " "the freedom to help your neighbor.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<i>3.</i> Freedom to distribute and/or publish copies of your modified " "versions. (This is the freedom to contribute to your community.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When software is free/libre, the users control what it does. A nonfree or " "<em>proprietary</em> program is under the control of its developer, and " "functions as an instrument to give the developer control over the users. It " "may be convenient, or it may not, but in either case it imposes on its users " "a social system that keeps them divided and helpless. Avoiding this " "injustice and giving users control over their computing requires the four " "freedoms. Freedoms 0 and 1 give you control over your own computing, and " "freedom 3 enables users to work together to jointly control their computing, " "while freedom 2 means users are not kept divided.<a id=\"tex2html31\" " "href=\"#foot114\"><sup>17</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many argue that free/libre software is impossible on theoretical economic " "grounds. Some of them misinterpret free/libre software as “gratis " "software”; others understand the term correctly, but either way they " "claim that businesses will never want to develop such software. Combining " "this with a theoretical premise such as “Useful software can only be " "developed by paying programmers,” they conclude that free software " "could never exist. This argument is typically presented elliptically in the " "form of a question such as, “How can programmers make a living if " "software is free?” Both premises, as well as the conclusion, " "contradict well-known facts; perhaps the elliptical questions are meant to " "obscure the premises so people will not compare them with the facts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We know that free software can be developed because so much of it exists. " "There are thousands of useful free programs,<a id=\"tex2html34\" " "href=\"#foot115\"><sup>18</sup></a> and millions of users<a " "id=\"tex2html36\" href=\"#foot116\"><sup>19</sup></a> run the GNU/Linux<a " "id=\"tex2html38\" href=\"#foot117\"><sup>20</sup></a> operating system. " "Thousands of programmers write useful free software as volunteers.<a " "id=\"tex2html40\" href=\"#foot118\"><sup>21</sup></a> Companies such as Red " "Hat, IBM, Oracle, and Google pay programmers to write free software. I do " "not know even approximately how many paid free software developers there " "are; studying the question would be useful. Alexandre Zapolsky of the free " "software business event Paris Capitale du Libre (<a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140402120239/http://paris-libre.org/\">www.paris-libre.org</a>) " "said in 2007 that the free software companies of France had over 10,000 " "employees." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most computer users use proprietary software, and are accustomed to letting " "a few companies control their computing. If you are one of them, you may " "have accepted the view that it is normal and proper for those companies, " "rather than you, to have control. You may also believe that " "“reputable” developers will not use their power to mistreat " "you. The fact is that they do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Microsoft Windows has features to spy on the user,<a id=\"tex2html43\" " "href=\"#foot119\"><sup>22</sup></a> Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) " "features designed to stop the user from making full use of his own files,<a " "id=\"tex2html45\" href=\"#foot120\"><sup>23</sup></a> and an all-purpose " "back door with which Microsoft can forcibly change the software in any way " "at any time.<a id=\"tex2html47\" href=\"#foot121\"><sup>24</sup></a> " "Microsoft can alter any software, not just its own.<a id=\"tex2html49\" " "href=\"#foot122\"><sup>25</sup></a> Cell phones tied to particular phone " "networks may give the network a similar back door. MacOS also has DRM " "features designed to restrict the user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The only known defense against malicious features is to insist on software " "that is controlled by the users: free/libre software. It is not a perfect " "guarantee, but the alternative is no defense at all. If code is law, those " "governed by it must have the power to decide what it should say." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "RESTRICTED FORMATS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Restricted file formats impose private control over communication and " "publication. Those who control the formats control, in a general sense, " "society's use of information, since it can't be distributed or read/viewed " "without their permission." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For instance, text files are often distributed in the secret Microsoft Word " "format, which other developers have only imperfectly been able to decode and " "implement. This practice is comparable to publishing books in a secret " "alphabet which only officially approved scribes know how to read. Italian " "public television (RAI) distributes video in VC-1 format, whose " "specifications are available only under nondisclosure agreement from the " "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. (As of 2016 RAI seems " "to have shifted to a non-secret format.) Ironically, the SMPTE states this " "in a Word file, which is not suitable to cite as a reference.<a " "id=\"tex2html51\" href=\"#foot123\"><sup>26</sup></a> This standard has been " "partly decoded through reverse engineering." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most music distribution on the Internet uses the patented MP3 format<a " "id=\"tex2html82\" href=\"#foot137\"><sup>42</sup></a>, and most video uses " "patented MPEG-4 formats such as DIVX and H.264. VC-1 is also patented.<a " "id=\"tex2html53\" href=\"#foot124\"><sup>27</sup></a> Any software patent " "directly attacks every user's freedom to use her computer. Use of patented " "data formats is comparable to mandating that people use officially approved " "scribes rather than do their own reading and writing. Patents on MPEG " "formats have been used to attack and threaten developers and distributors of " "programs that can handle these formats, including free/libre programs. Some " "distributors of the GNU/Linux system, for instance Red Hat, do not dare to " "include support for these programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A restricted format is a trap; any and all use of the format has the effect " "of pushing computer users into the trap. Inclusion in dependence on these " "formats is not a step forward." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Typical proprietary software gives you only a binary, whose actions are " "controlled by the developer, and not by you. A new practice called " "“software as a service,” or “SaaS,” gives you even " "less control. With SaaS you don't even get a copy of the program you can " "run. Instead, you send your data to a server, a program runs there, and the " "server sends you back the result. If users have a binary, they could " "reverse-engineer it and patch it if they are really determined. With SaaS, " "they can't even do that." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Reverse engineering being so difficult, perhaps software as a service is " "little worse than proprietary software. The point, however, is that it is " "no better. For users to have control of their computing, they must avoid " "SaaS just as they must avoid proprietary software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For the preparation of this paper I was invited to use an IEEE site called " "pdf-express.org to convert my PDF file into one with the embedded fonts " "required for the conference proceedings. Looking at that site, I concluded " "that it was an instance of software as a service, and therefore I should not " "use it. Another strike against it is that it requires users to identify " "themselves, which is gratuitous surveillance." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It's not that I'm specifically worried that this site is malicious. I " "cannot trust the IEEE implicitly, since I disapprove of its restrictions on " "redistributing the papers it publishes, but there is little scope in that " "particular site's job for intentional mistreatment of its users (aside from " "the gratuitous surveillance). However, the point is not whether this " "particular site abuses its power. The point is that we should not let " "ourselves become accustomed to granting others that sort of power over us. " "The habit of handing over control of our computing to others is a dangerous " "one. The way to resist the practice is to refuse invitations to follow it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The only way to maintain your control over your computing is to do it using " "your own copy of a free/libre program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "COPYRIGHT AND SHARING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The biggest conflict over freedom in the Internet is the War on Sharing: the " "attempt by the publishing industry to prevent Internet users from enjoying " "the capability to copy and share information." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright was established in the age of the printing press as an industrial " "regulation on the business of writing and publishing. The aim was to " "encourage the publication of a diversity of written works. The means used " "was to require publishers to get the author's permission to publish recent " "writings. This enabled authors to get income from publishers, which " "facilitated and encouraged writing. The general reading public received the " "benefit of this, while losing little: copyright restricted only publication, " "not the things an ordinary reader could do, so it was easy to enforce and " "met with little opposition. That made copyright arguably a beneficial " "system for the public, and therefore legitimate." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Well and good—back then." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "The War on Sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Nowadays, computers and networks provide superior means for distributing and " "manipulating information, including published software, musical recordings, " "texts, images, and videos. Networks offer the possibility of unlimited " "access to all sorts of data—an information utopia." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The works that people use to do practical jobs, such as software, recipes, " "text fonts, educational works and reference works, must be free/libre so " "that the users can control (individually and collectively) the jobs that " "they do with these works. That argument does not apply to other kinds of " "works, such as those which state what certain people thought, and artistic " "works, so it is not ethically obligatory for them to be free/libre. But " "there is a minimum freedom that the public must have for all published " "works: the freedom to share exact copies noncommercially. Sharing is good; " "sharing creates the bonds of society. When copying and sharing a book was " "so difficult that one would hardly ask such a large favor, the issue of " "freedom to share was moot. Today, the Internet makes sharing easy, and thus " "makes the freedom to share essential." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "One obstacle stands in the way of this utopia: copyright. Readers and " "listeners who make use of their new ability to copy and share published " "information are technically copyright infringers. The same law which " "formerly acted as a beneficial industrial regulation on publishers has now " "become a restriction on the public it was meant to benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In a democracy, a law that prohibits a popular and useful activity is " "usually soon relaxed. Not so where corporations have more political power " "than the public. The entertainment companies' lobby is determined to " "prevent the public from taking advantage of the power of their computers, " "and has found copyright a suitable tool. Under their influence, rather than " "relaxing copyright rules to permit productive and free use of the Internet, " "governments have made it stricter than ever, forbidding the act of sharing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The publishers and their friendly governments would like to go to any length " "they can get away with to wage the War on Sharing. In the US, the record " "companies' legal arm (the RIAA) regularly sues teenagers for hundreds of " "thousands of dollars, and one sharer was fined almost two million.<a " "id=\"tex2html56\" href=\"#foot125\"><sup>28</sup></a> The French government " "recently passed a law (HADOPI) to abolish the principle of due process of " "law, by punishing Internet users with disconnection on the mere accusation " "of copying. Only certain selected, government-approved organizations were " "empowered to make such accusations; thus, this law meant to abolish " "Liberté, Egalité, and Fraternité with one blow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The law was rejected as unconstitutional by the Constitutional Council.<a " "id=\"tex2html58\" href=\"#foot126\"><sup>29</sup></a> (It was subsequently " "changed, introducing a sham trial, to make it acceptable.) A similar law in " "New Zealand was withdrawn this year after public protests. The European " "Parliament recently voted against imposing similar injustice on the whole " "European Union, but the EU's weak form of democracy does not give Parliament " "the final decision. Some would like to go even further: a UK member of " "parliament proposed ten years' imprisonment for noncommercial sharing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The US, Canada, the European Union, and various other countries are engaged " "in negotiating the “Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement.” The " "negotiations are secret, but Canada reluctantly published a list of " "suggestions it received from private parties, and HADOPI-style punishment " "without trial was one of them.<a id=\"tex2html60\" " "href=\"#foot127\"><sup>30</sup></a> The suggestion is likely to have come " "from the copyright lobby, which has great influence in the US government and " "others, so the danger is not negligible. European officials may seek to use " "this treaty to circumvent the European Parliament, following a practice " "known as “policy laundering.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The corporations that profit most from copyright legally exercise it in the " "name of the authors (most of whom actually gain little). They would have us " "believe that copyright is a natural right of authors, and that we the public " "must suffer it no matter how painful it is. They call sharing " "“piracy,” equating helping your neighbor with attacking a ship." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Public anger over these measures is growing, but it is held back by " "propaganda. Terms such as “piracy,”<a id=\"tex2html62\" " "href=\"#foot128\"><sup>31</sup></a> “protecting authors” and " "“intellectual property,”<a id=\"tex2html64\" " "href=\"#foot129\"><sup>32</sup></a> and claims that reading, viewing or " "listening to anything without paying is “theft,” have convinced " "many readers that their rights and interests do not count. This propaganda " "implicitly assumes that publishers deserve the special power which they " "exercise in the name of the authors, and that we are morally obliged to " "suffer whatever measures might be needed to maintain their power." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Digital restrictions management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The publishers aim to do more than punish sharing. They have realized that " "by publishing works in encrypted formats, which can be viewed only with " "software designed to control the users, they could gain unprecedented power " "over all use of these works. They could compel people to pay, and also to " "identify themselves, every time they wish to read a book, listen to a song, " "or watch a video. They could make people's copies disappear on a planned " "schedule. They could even make copies unreadable at will, if they have " "all-purpose back-doors such as found in Windows, or special features for the " "purpose.<a id=\"tex2html66\" href=\"#foot130\"><sup>33</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Designing products and media to restrict the user is called Digital " "Restrictions Management, or DRM.<a id=\"tex2html68\" " "href=\"#foot66\"><sup>34</sup></a> Its purpose is an injustice: to deny " "computer users what would otherwise be their legal rights in using their " "copies of published works. Its method is a second injustice, since it " "imposes the use of proprietary software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The publishers gained US government support for their dream of total power " "with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA). This law gave " "publishers power, in effect, to write their own copyright rules, by " "implementing them in the code of the authorized player software. Even " "reading or listening is illegal when the software is designed to block it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The DMCA has an exception: it does not forbid uses that qualify as " "“fair use.” But it strips this exception of practical effect by " "censoring any software that people could use to do these things. Under the " "DMCA, any program that could be used to break digital handcuffs is banned " "unless it has other comparably important “commercially " "significant” uses. (The denial of validity to any other kind of " "significance, such as social or ethical significance, explicitly endorses " "business' domination of society.) Practically speaking, the limited right " "to disobey your software jailer is meaningless since the means to do so is " "not available." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Similar software censorship laws have since been adopted in the European " "Union, Australia, and New Zealand, and other countries. Canada has tried to " "do this for several years, but opposition there has blocked it. The " "publishers' lobbies seek to impose these restrictions on all countries; for " "instance, the US demands them in trade treaties. WIPO (the World " "“Intellectual Property” Organization) helps, by promoting two " "treaties whose sole point is to require laws such as these. Signing these " "treaties does no good for a country's citizens, and there is no good reason " "why any country should sign them. But when countries do sign, politicians " "can cite “compliance with treaty obligations” as an excuse for " "software censorship." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We still have the same old freedoms in using paper books and other analog " "media. But if e-books replace printed books, those freedoms will not " "transfer. Imagine: no more used book stores; no more lending a book to your " "friend; no more borrowing one from the public library—no more " "“leaks” that might give someone a chance to read without " "paying. No more purchasing a book anonymously with cash—you can only " "buy an e-book with a credit card, thus enabling computerized " "surveillance—and public libraries become retail outlets. That is the " "world the publishers want for us. If you buy the Amazon Kindle (we call it " "the <a href=\"/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html\">Swindle</a>) or " "the Sony Reader (we call it the Shreader for what it threatens to do to " "books), you pay to establish that world." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "SUPPORTING THE ARTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The publishers tell us that a War on Sharing is the only way to keep art " "alive. Supporting the arts is a desirable goal, but it could not justify " "these means. Fortunately, it does not require them either. Public sharing " "of copies tends to call attention to obscure or niche works: when Monty " "Python put its video files on the net for download, its sales increased by a " "factor of over 200.<a id=\"tex2html69\" href=\"#foot131\"><sup>35</sup></a> " "Meanwhile, digital technology also offers new ways to support the arts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Donations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The singer Jane Siberry offers her music for download through her own web " "site, called <a id=\"tex2html71\" " "href=\"https://janesiberry.com\">janesiberry.com</a> in 2010, allowing " "people to pay whatever amount they wish. The average price paid per song " "was earlier reported to be more than the $.99 that the major record " "companies charge.<a id=\"tex2html72\" href=\"#foot132\"><sup>36</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Bestsellers also can still do well without stopping people from sharing. " "Stephen King got hundreds of thousands of dollars selling a serialized " "unencrypted e-book with no technical obstacle to sharing of copies. " "Radiohead made millions in 2007 by inviting fans to copy an album and pay " "what they wished, while it was also shared on the Internet. In 2008, Nine " "Inch Nails released an album with permission to share copies and made " "750,000 dollars in a few days.<a id=\"tex2html74\" " "href=\"#foot133\"><sup>37</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Even hampered by today's inconvenient methods of sending money to artists, " "voluntary contributions from fans can support them. Kevin Kelly, former " "editor of Wired Magazine, estimates the artist need only find approximately " "1,000 true fans in order to earn a living from their support.<a " "id=\"tex2html76\" href=\"#foot134\"><sup>38</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But when computer networks provide an easy anonymous method for sending " "someone a small amount of money, without requiring a credit card, voluntary " "support for artists will become far more effective. Every player could have " "a button you can press, “Click here to send the artists one " "dollar.” (The optimal amount may vary between countries; in India, one " "rupee might be a better choice.) Wouldn't you press it, at least once a " "week?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Why, today, would you hesitate to send one dollar to an artist, once a week " "or even once a day? Not because you would miss the dollar, but because of " "the inconvenience of sending it. Remove the inconvenience, and voluntary " "support for artists will soar." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Tax-based support" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Another way to support the arts is with tax funds: perhaps with a special " "tax on blank media or Internet connectivity, or with general revenue.<a " "id=\"tex2html78\" href=\"#foot135\"><sup>39</sup></a> If this is to succeed " "in supporting artists, the state should distribute the tax money directly " "and entirely to them, and make sure it cannot under any pretext be taken " "from them by publishers such as record companies. Thus, in order to design " "this tax system to achieve the valid goal of “supporting the " "arts,” we must first reject the misguided goal of “compensating " "the rights-holders.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The state should not distribute this tax money in linear proportion to " "popularity, because that would give most of it to superstars, leaving little " "to support all the other artists. I therefore recommend using a function " "whose derivative is positive but tends towards zero, such as cube root. " "With cube root, if superstar A has 1000 times the popularity of successful " "artist B, A will get 10 times as much money as B. (A linear system would " "give A 1000 times as much as B.) This way, although each superstar still " "gets a larger share than other artists, the superstars together will get " "only a small fraction of the funds, so that the system can adequately " "support a large number of fairly popular artists. This system would use its " "funds efficiently for the support of art." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I propose this system for art because art is where the controversy is. " "There is no fundamental reason why a tax-based system should not also be " "used to support functional works that ought to be free/libre, such as " "software and encyclopedias, but there is a practical difficulty in doing so: " "it is common for those works to have thousands of coauthors, and figuring " "out the right way to divide the funds among them might be difficult even " "with the cooperation and generosity of everyone involved. Fortunately it " "appears not to be necessary to solve this problem, because people already " "put so much effort into developing free/libre functional works." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Francis Muguet<a id=\"tex2html80\" href=\"#foot79\"><sup>40</sup></a> and I " "have developed a new proposal called the Mécénat Global (or Global " "Patronage) which combines the idea of tax-support and voluntary payments.<a " "id=\"tex2html81\" href=\"#foot136\"><sup>41</sup></a> Every Internet " "subscriber would pay a monthly fee to support certain arts that are shared " "on the Internet. Each user could optionally divide up to a certain maximum " "portion of her fee among her choice of works; the funds for each work would " "be divided among the creative contributors to the work (but not the " "publishers). The totals thus assigned to various artists would also provide " "a measure of each artist's popularity. The system would then distribute the " "rest of the money on the basis of that popularity, using a cube-root or " "similar tapering-off function." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "MAKING DIGITAL INCLUSION GOOD" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The paper so far describes the factors that can make digital inclusion good " "or bad. These factors are part of human society and subject to our " "influence. Beyond just asking whether and when digital inclusion is a good " "thing, we can consider how to make sure it is good." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Defending freedom legally" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Full victory over the threats to digital freedom can only be achieved " "through changes in laws. Systematic collection or retention of information " "on any person using computers and/or networks should require a specific " "court order; travel and communication within any country should normally be " "anonymous. States should reject censorship and adopt constitutional " "protections against it. States should protect their computing sovereignty " "by using only free software, and schools should teach only free software in " "order to carry out their mission to educate good citizens of a strong, free " "and cooperating society." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To respect computer users' freedom to operate their computers, states should " "not allow patents to apply to software or (more generally) using computers " "in particular ways. States should mandate their own use of freely " "implementable, publicly documented formats for all communication with the " "public, and should lead the private sector also to use only these formats. " "To make copyright acceptable in the network age, noncommercial copying and " "sharing of published works should be legal. Commercial use of DRM should be " "prohibited, and independently developed free software to access DRM formats " "should be lawful." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To make these changes in laws happen, we need to organize. The Electronic " "Frontier Foundation (<a href=\"https://www.eff.org/\">eff.org</a>) " "campaigns against censorship and surveillance. End Software Patents (<a " "href=\"https://endsoftpatents.org/\">endsoftpatents.org</a>) campaigns " "against software patents. The Free Software Foundation campaigns against " "DRM through the site <a " "href=\"https://www.defectivebydesign.org/\">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Defending freedom personally" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "While we fight these legislative battles, we should also personally reject " "products and services designed to take away our freedom. To resist " "surveillance, we should avoid identifying ourselves to web sites unless it " "is inherently necessary, and we should buy things anonymously—with " "cash, not with bank cards. To maintain control of our computing, we should " "not use proprietary software or software as a service." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Above all, we should never buy or use products that implement DRM handcuffs " "unless we personally have the means to break them. Products with DRM are a " "trap; don't take the bait!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Defending others' freedom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We can take direct action to protect others' freedom in the digital world. " "For instance, we can remove the passwords from our wireless " "networks—it is safe, and it weakens government surveillance power. " "(The way to protect the privacy of our own Internet communications, to the " "extent that it is possible, is with end-to-end encryption.) If others use " "enough of the bandwidth to cause actual inconvenience, we need to protect " "ourselves, but we can try gentle methods first (such as talking with the " "neighbors, or setting a password occasionally for a day or two), and keep " "the option of a permanent password as a last resort." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When we publish, we should grant the users of our work the freedoms they " "deserve, by applying an explicit license appropriate to the type of work. " "For works that state your thoughts or observations, and artistic works, the " "license should permit at least noncommercial redistribution of exact copies; " "any Creative Commons license is suitable. (I insisted on such a license for " "this article.) Works that do functional jobs, such as software, reference " "works and educational works, should carry a free/libre license that grants " "users the four freedoms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Inclusion in freedom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In our efforts to help others in practical ways, we must avoid doing them " "harm at a deeper level. Until freedom is generally assured in Internet use, " "projects for digital inclusion must take special care that the computing " "they promote is the freedom-respecting kind. This means using free/libre " "software—certainly not Windows or MacOS. This means using free, " "documented formats, without DRM. It also means not exposing the supposed " "beneficiaries to surveillance or censorship through the computing practices " "to which they are being introduced." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Footnotes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… cafe.<a href=\"#tex2html1\"><sup>1</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/beijing-requires-photo-registration-at-all-internet-cafes-by\">cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/beijing-requires-photo-registration-at-all-internet-cafes-by</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… police<a href=\"#tex2html3\"><sup>2</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html\">schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… individuals.<a href=\"#tex2html5\"><sup>3</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. <a Dead link as of 2021-01-30 #. href="http://www.newarkspeaks.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5379"> # #. </a> # #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "See newarkspeaks.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5379." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… groups<a href=\"#tex2html7\"><sup>4</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.aclu.org/documents/fbi-jttf-spying\">aclu.org/documents/fbi-jttf-spying</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… “terrorism.”<a href=\"#tex2html9\"><sup>5</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.democracynow.org/2008/9/4/eight_members_of_rnc_activist_group\">democracynow.org/2008/9/4/eight_members_of_rnc_activist_group</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… “terrorists.”<a href=\"#tex2html11\"><sup>6</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"http://web-old.archive.org/web/20160722044945/http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=7891929\"> " "abcnews.go.com/international/story?id=7891929</a> (archived)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… dissidents.<a href=\"#tex2html13\"><sup>7</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See the documentary, Condor: the First War on Terror, by Rodrigo " "Vásquez (2003)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… dissidents.<a href=\"#tex2html14\"><sup>8</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm\">bbc.com/news/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… site.<a href=\"#tex2html16\"><sup>9</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190918142631/https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/302161/watchdog_threatens_online_rights_group_11k_fine\">computerworld.com.au/article/302161/watchdog_threatens_online_rights_group_11k_fine</a> " "(archived)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… list.<a href=\"#tex2html18\"><sup>10</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.smh.com.au/technology/banned-hyperlinks-could-cost-you-11-000-a-day-20090317-gdtf8j.html\">smh.com.au/technology/banned-hyperlinks-could-cost-you-11-000-a-day-20090317-gdtf8j.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… censorship.<a href=\"#tex2html20\"><sup>11</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://netzpolitik.org/2009/the-dawning-of-internet-censorship-in-germany/\">netzpolitik.org/2009/the-dawning-of-internet-censorship-in-germany/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… Internet.<a href=\"#tex2html22\"><sup>12</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt-gearing-up-to-gag-news-websites/articleshow/4562292.cms\">timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt-gearing-up-to-gag-news-websites/articleshow/4562292.cms</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… animals.<a href=\"#tex2html24\"><sup>13</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "I support medical research using animals, as well as abortion rights. Our " "defense of political freedom should not be limited to causes we agree with." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… parents.<a href=\"#tex2html25\"><sup>14</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190922143213/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article24476581.html\"> " "mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article24476581.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… ways.<a href=\"#tex2html27\"><sup>15</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.networkworld.com/article/2255678/20-years-after-tiananmen--china-containing-dissent-online.html\"> " "networkworld.com/article/2255678/20-years-after-tiananmen--china-containing-dissent-online.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… freedoms:<a href=\"#tex2html29\"><sup>16</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… divided.<a href=\"#tex2html31\"><sup>17</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/why-free.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a> and " "<a " "href=\"/philosophy/shouldbefree.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html</a> " "for other arguments." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… programs,<a href=\"#tex2html34\"><sup>18</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page\">directory.fsf.org/wiki/Main_Page</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… users<a href=\"#tex2html36\"><sup>19</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption\">wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… GNU/Linux<a href=\"#tex2html38\"><sup>20</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "See <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\">gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… volunteers.<a href=\"#tex2html40\"><sup>21</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/fs-motives.html</a> " "for some of their motives." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… user,<a href=\"#tex2html43\"><sup>22</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.theregister.com/2015/08/21/spotify_worse_than_the_nsa\"> " "theregister.com/2015/08/21/spotify_worse_than_the_nsa</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… files,<a href=\"#tex2html45\"><sup>23</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "See <a href=\"https://badvista.fsf.org/\">badvista.fsf.org/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… time.<a href=\"#tex2html47\"><sup>24</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.informationweek.com/government/microsoft-updates-windows-without-user-permission-apologizes\">informationweek.com/government/microsoft-updates-windows-without-user-permission-apologizes</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… own.<a href=\"#tex2html49\"><sup>25</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101030172636/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/microsoft_update_quietly_insta.html\">voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/microsoft_update_quietly_insta.html</a> " "(archived)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… reference.<a href=\"#tex2html51\"><sup>26</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "The standard in machine-readable form is only available to be " "“leased”; <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160423155515/http://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/IndividualLicenseAgreementforSMPTE_EngineeringDocuments.pdf\"> " "smpte.org/sites/default/files/IndividualLicenseAgreementforSMPTE_EngineeringDocuments.pdf</a> " "(archived)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… patented.<a href=\"#tex2html53\"><sup>27</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307122114/http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/176/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf\"> " "mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/176/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf</a> " "(archived)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… million.<a href=\"#tex2html56\"><sup>28</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2009/06/jammie-thomas-retrial-verdict/\">arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2009/06/jammie-thomas-retrial-verdict/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… Council.<a href=\"#tex2html58\"><sup>29</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.laquadrature.net/en/2009/06/10/hadopi-is-dead-three-strikes-killed-by-highest-court/\">laquadrature.net/en/2009/06/10/hadopi-is-dead-three-strikes-killed-by-highest-court/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… them.<a href=\"#tex2html60\"><sup>30</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2008/11/canadian-wish-list-for-secret-acta-treaty-long-varied/\">arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2008/11/canadian-wish-list-for-secret-acta-treaty-long-varied/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… “piracy,”<a href=\"#tex2html62\"><sup>31</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… property,”<a href=\"#tex2html64\"><sup>32</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a> " "for why this propaganda term is harmful." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… purpose.<a href=\"#tex2html66\"><sup>33</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html\">www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… DRM.<a href=\"#tex2html68\"><sup>34</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "Those publishers, in an act of doublespeak, call it “Digital Rights " "Management.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… 200.<a href=\"#tex2html69\"><sup>35</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://boingboing.net/2009/01/23/monty-pythons-free-w.html\">boingboing.net/2009/01/23/monty-pythons-free-w.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… charge.<a href=\"#tex2html72\"><sup>36</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://signalvnoise.com/posts/419-jane-siberrys-you-decide-what-feels-right-pricing\">signalvnoise.com/posts/419-jane-siberrys-you-decide-what-feels-right-pricing</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… days.<a href=\"#tex2html74\"><sup>37</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html\">boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… support.<a href=\"#tex2html76\"><sup>38</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://kk.org/thetechnium/1000-true-fans/\">kk.org/thetechnium/1000-true-fans/</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… revenue.<a href=\"#tex2html78\"><sup>39</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a href=\"/philosophy/dat.html\">gnu.org/philosophy/dat.html</a> for my " "1992 proposal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… Muguet<a href=\"#tex2html80\"><sup>40</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "Head of the Knowledge Networks and Information Society lab at the University " "of Geneva." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… payments.<a href=\"#tex2html81\"><sup>41</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "" "See <a " "href=\"https://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html\">stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt> msgid "… MP3<a href=\"#tex2html82\"><sup>42</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd> msgid "As of 2017 the patents on playing MP3 files have reportedly expired." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This essay was first published in the proceedings of the ITU's 2009 " "Kaleidoscope conference in Mar del Plata, Argentina." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2009, 2013, 2023, 2024 Richard M. Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""