# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-digital-society.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: free-digital-society.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-10-15 14:26+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "A Free Digital Society - What Makes Digital Inclusion Good or Bad? - GNU " "Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "A Free Digital Society - What Makes Digital Inclusion Good or Bad?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Transcription of a lecture at Sciences Po Paris, October 19, 2011  (<a " "href=\"//audio-video.gnu.org/video/stallman-sciencespo-freesociety.webm\">video</a>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><h3> msgid "Table of Contents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#intro\">Introduction</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#surveillance\">Surveillance</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#censorship\">Censorship</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#formats\">Restricted data formats</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#proprietary\">Software that isn't free</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#four-freedoms\">The four freedoms of free software</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#gnu\">The GNU Project and the Free Software movement</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#education\">Free software and education</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#services\">Internet services</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#voting\">Computers for voting</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#sharing\">The war on sharing</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#arts\">Supporting the arts</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#rights\">Rights in cyberspace</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Introduction" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Projects with the goal of digital inclusion are making a big " "assumption. They are assuming that participating in a digital society is " "good, but that's not necessarily true. Being in a digital society can be " "good or bad, depending on whether that digital society is just or " "unjust. There are many ways in which our freedom is being attacked by " "digital technology. Digital technology can make things worse, and it will, " "unless we fight to prevent it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Therefore, if we have an unjust digital society, we should cancel these " "projects for digital inclusion and launch projects for digital " "extraction. We have to extract people from digital society if it doesn't " "respect their freedom, or we have to make it respect their freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Surveillance" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "What are the threats? First, surveillance. Computers are Stalin's dream: " "they are ideal tools for surveillance, because anything we do with " "computers, the computers can record. They can record the information in a " "perfectly indexed searchable form in a central database, ideal for any " "tyrant who wants to crush opposition." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Surveillance is sometimes done with our own computers. For instance, if you " "have a computer that's running Microsoft Windows, that system is doing " "surveillance. There are features in Windows that send data to some server, " "data about the use of the computer. A surveillance feature was discovered in " "the iPhone a few months ago, and people started calling it the " "“spy-phone.” Flash player has a surveillance feature too, and so " "does the Amazon “Swindle.” They call it the Kindle, but I call " "it “<a href=\"/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html\">the " "Swindle</a>,” <em>l'escroc</em>, because it's meant to swindle users " "out of their freedom. It makes people identify themselves whenever they buy " "a book, and that means Amazon has a giant list of all the books each user " "has read. Such a list must not exist anywhere." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most portable phones will transmit their location, computed using GPS, on " "remote command. The phone company is accumulating a giant list of places " "that the user has been. A German MP in the Green Party [correction: Malte " "Spitz is on the staff of the Green Party, not an elected official] asked the " "phone company to give him the data it had about where he was. He had to sue, " "he had to go to court to get this information. And when he got it, he " "received forty-four thousand location points for a period of six months! " "That's more than two hundred per day! What that means is someone could form " "a very good picture of his activities just by looking at that data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We can stop our own computers from doing surveillance on us if <em>we</em> " "have control of the software that they run. But the software these people " "are running, they don't have control over. It's nonfree software, and that's " "why it has malicious features such as surveillance. However, the " "surveillance is not always done with our own computers, it's also done at " "one remove. For instance ISPs in Europe are required to keep data about the " "user's Internet communications for a long time, in case the State decides to " "investigate that person later for whatever imaginable reason." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "With a portable phone… even if you can stop the phone from " "transmitting your GPS location, the system can determine the phone's " "location approximately, by comparing the time when the signals arrive at " "different towers. So the phone system can do surveillance even without " "special cooperation from the phone itself." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Likewise, the bicycles that people rent in Paris. Of course the system knows " "where you get the bicycle and it knows where you return the bicycle, and " "I've heard reports that it tracks the bicycles as they are moving around as " "well. So they are not something we can really trust." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But there are also systems that have nothing to do with us that exist only " "for tracking. For instance, in the UK all car travel is monitored. Every " "car's movements are being recorded in real time and can be tracked by the " "State in real time. This is done with cameras on the side of the road." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, the only way we can prevent surveillance that's done at one remove or " "by unrelated systems is through political action against increased " "government power to track and monitor everyone, which means of course we " "have to reject whatever excuse they come up with. For doing such systems, no " "excuse is valid—to monitor everyone." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In a free society, when you go out in public, you are not guaranteed " "anonymity. It's possible for someone to recognize you and remember. And " "later that person could say that he saw you at a certain place. But that " "information is diffuse. It's not conveniently assembled to track everybody " "and investigate what they did. To collect that information is a lot of work, " "so it's only done in special cases when it's necessary." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But computerized surveillance makes it possible to centralize and index all " "this information so that an unjust regime can find it all, and find out all " "about everyone. If a dictator takes power, which could happen anywhere, " "people realize this and they recognize that they should not communicate with " "other dissidents in a way that the State could find out about. But if the " "dictator has several years of stored records of who talks with whom, it's " "too late to take any precautions then, because he already has everything he " "needs to realize: “OK, this guy is a dissident, and he spoke with " "him. Maybe he is a dissident too. Maybe we should grab him and torture " "him.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So we need to campaign to put an end to digital surveillance " "<em>now</em>. You can't wait until there is a dictator and it would really " "matter. And besides, it doesn't take an outright dictatorship to start " "attacking human rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I wouldn't quite call the government of the UK a dictatorship. It's not very " "democratic, and one way it crushes democracy is using surveillance. A few " "years ago, people believed to be on their way to a protest, they were going " "to protest, they were arrested before they could get there because their car " "was tracked through this universal car tracking system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Censorship" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The second threat is censorship. Censorship is not new, it existed long " "before computers. But 15 years ago, we thought that the Internet would " "protect us from censorship, that it would defeat censorship. Then, China and " "some other obvious tyrannies went to great lengths to impose censorship on " "the Internet, and we said: “Well that's not surprising, what else " "would governments like that do?”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But today we see censorship imposed in countries that are not normally " "thought of as dictatorships, such as for instance the UK, France, Spain, " "Italy, Denmark…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "They all have systems of blocking access to some websites. Denmark " "established a system that blocks access to a long list of web pages, which " "was secret. The citizens were not supposed to know how the government was " "censoring them, but the list was leaked and posted on WikiLeaks. At that " "point, Denmark added the WikiLeaks page to its censorship list. So, the " "whole rest of the world can find out how Danes are being censored, but Danes " "are not supposed to know." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A few months ago, Turkey, which claims to respect some human rights, " "announced that every Internet user would have to choose between censorship " "and more censorship. Four different levels of censorship they get to choose! " "But freedom is not one of the options." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Australia wanted to impose filtering on the Internet, but that was " "blocked. However Australia has a different kind of censorship: it has " "censorship of links. That is, if a website in Australia has a link to some " "censored site outside Australia, the one in Australia can be " "punished. Electronic Frontiers Australia, that is an organization that " "defends human rights in the digital domain in Australia, posted a link to a " "foreign political website. It was ordered to delete the link or face a " "penalty of $11,000 a day. So they deleted it, what else could they do? This " "is a very harsh system of censorship." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In Spain, the censorship that was adopted earlier this year allows officials " "to arbitrarily shut down an Internet site in Spain, or impose filtering to " "block access to a site outside of Spain. And they can do this without any " "kind of trial. This was one of the motivations for the <i>Indignados</i>, " "who have been protesting in the street." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There were protests in the street in Turkey as well, after that " "announcement, but the government refused to change its policy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We must recognize that a country that imposes censorship on the Internet is " "not a free country. And is not a legitimate government either." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Restricted data formats" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "The next threat to our freedom comes from data formats that restrict users." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sometimes it's because the format is secret. There are many application " "programs that save the user's data in a secret format, which is meant to " "prevent the user from taking that data and using it with some other " "program. The goal is to prevent interoperability." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, evidently, if a program implements a secret format, that's because the " "program is not free software. So this is another kind of malicious " "feature. Surveillance is one kind of malicious feature that you find in some " "nonfree programs; using secret formats to restrict the users is another kind " "of malicious feature that you also find in some nonfree programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But if you have a free program that handles a certain format, <em>ipso " "facto</em> that format is not secret. This kind of malicious feature can " "only exist in a nonfree program. Surveillance features, well, theoretically " "they could exist in a free program but you don't find them " "happening. Because the users would fix it, you see. The users wouldn't like " "this, so they would fix it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In any case, we also find secret data formats in use for publication of " "works. You find secret data formats in use for audio, such as music, for " "video, for books… And these secret formats are known as Digital " "Restrictions Management, or DRM, or digital handcuffs <em>(les menottes " "numériques)</em>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So, the works are published in secret formats so that only proprietary " "programs can play them, so that these proprietary programs can have the " "malicious feature of restricting the users, stopping them from doing " "something that would be natural to do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "And this is used even by public entities to communicate with the people. For " "instance Italian public television makes its programs available on the net " "in a format called VC-1, which is a standard supposedly, but it's a secret " "standard. Now I can't imagine how any publicly supported entity could " "justify using a secret format to communicate with the public. This should be " "illegal. In fact I think all use of Digital Restrictions Management should " "be illegal. No company should be allowed to do this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There are also formats that are not secret but almost might as well be " "secret, for instance Flash. Flash is not actually secret but Adobe keeps " "making new versions, which are different, faster than anyone can keep up and " "make free software to play those files; so it has almost the same effect as " "being secret." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Then there are the patented formats, such as MP3<a " "href=\"#f1\"><sup>1</sup></a> for audio. It's bad to distribute audio in MP3 " "format. There is free software to handle MP3 format, to play it and to " "generate it, but because it's patented in many countries, many distributors " "of free software don't dare include those programs; so if they distribute " "the GNU+Linux system, their system doesn't include a player for MP3. As a " "result if anyone distributes some music in MP3, that's putting pressure on " "people not to use GNU/Linux. Sure, if you're an expert you can find a free " "software and install it, but there are lots of non experts, and they might " "see that they installed a version of GNU/Linux which doesn't have that " "software, and it won't play MP3 files, and they think it's the system's " "fault. They don't realize it's MP3's fault. But this is the fact." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Therefore, if you want to support freedom, don't distribute MP3 " "files. That's why I say if you're recording my speech and you want to " "distribute copies, don't do it in a patented format such as MPEG-2, or " "MPEG-4, or MP3. Use a format friendly to free software, such as the OGG " "formats or WebM. And by the way, if you are going to distribute copies of " "the recording, please put on it the Creative Commons, No Derivatives " "license. This is a statement of my personal views. If it were a lecture for " "a course, if it were didactic, then it ought to be free, but statements of " "opinion are different." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Software that isn't free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now this leads me to the next threat which comes from software that the " "users don't have control over. In other words, software that isn't free, " "that is not <i>libre</i>. In this particular point French is clearer than " "English. The English word “free” means <i>libre</i> and " "<i>gratuit</i>, but what I mean when I say “free software” is " "<i>logiciel libre</i>. I don't mean <i>gratuit</i>. I'm not talking about " "price. Price is a side issue, just a detail, because it doesn't matter " "ethically. You know, if I have a copy of a program and I sell it to you for " "one euro or a hundred euros, who cares? Right? Why should anyone think " "that's good or bad? Or suppose I gave it to you <i>gratuitement</i>… " "Still, who cares? But whether this program respects your freedom, that's " "important!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So free software is software that respects users' freedom. What does this " "mean? Ultimately there are just two possibilities with software: either the " "users control the program or the program controls the users. If the users " "have certain essential freedoms, then <em>they</em> control the program, and " "those freedoms are the criterion for free software. But if the users " "<em>don't</em> fully have the essential freedoms, then the program controls " "the users. But somebody controls that program and, through it, has " "<em>power</em> over the users." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So, a nonfree program is an instrument to give somebody <em>power</em> over " "a lot of other people, and this is unjust power that nobody should ever " "have. This is why nonfree software <i>(les logiciels privateurs, qui privent " "de la liberté)</i>, why proprietary software is an injustice and " "should not exist; because it leaves the users without freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, the developer who has control of the program often feels tempted to " "introduce malicious features to <em>further</em> exploit or abuse those " "users. He feels a temptation because he knows he can get away with " "it. Because his program controls the users and the users do not have control " "of the program, if he puts in a malicious feature, the users can't fix it; " "they can't remove the malicious feature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I've already told you about two kinds of malicious features: surveillance " "features, such as are found in Windows and the iPhone and Flash player and " "the Swindle, sort of. And there are also features to restrict users, which " "work with secret data formats, and those are found in Windows, Macintosh, " "the iPhone, Flash player, the Amazon Swindle, the Playstation 3 and lots and " "lots of other programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The other kind of malicious feature is the backdoor. That means something in " "that program is listening for remote commands and obeying them, and those " "commands can mistreat the user. We know of backdoors in Windows, in the " "iPhone, in the Amazon Swindle. The Amazon Swindle has a backdoor that can " "delete books, remotely delete books. We know this by observation, because " "Amazon did it: in 2009 Amazon remotely deleted thousands of copies of a " "particular book. Those were authorized copies, people had obtained them " "directly from Amazon, and thus Amazon knew exactly where they were, which is " "how Amazon knew where to send the commands to delete those books. You know " "which book Amazon deleted? <em>1984</em> by George Orwell. [laughter] It's a " "book everyone should read, because it discusses a totalitarian state that " "did things like delete books it didn't like. Everybody should read it, but " "not on the Amazon Swindle. [laughter]" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Anyway, malicious features are present in the most widely used nonfree " "programs, but they are rare in free software, because with free software the " "users have control. They can read the source code and they can change " "it. So, if there were a malicious feature, somebody would sooner or later " "spot it and fix it. This means that somebody who is considering introducing " "a malicious feature does not find it so tempting, because he knows he might " "get away with it for a while but somebody will spot it, will fix it, and " "everybody will loose trust in the perpetrator. It's not so tempting when you " "know you're going to fail. And that's why we find that malicious features " "are rare in free software, and common in proprietary software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "The four freedoms of free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "The essential freedoms are four:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "Freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "Freedom 1 is the freedom to study the source code and change it, so the " "program does your computing the way you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "Freedom 2 is the freedom to help others. That's the freedom to make exact " "copies and redistribute them when you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "Freedom 3 is the freedom to contribute to your community. That's the freedom " "to make copies of your modified versions, if you have made any, and then " "distribute them to others when you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "These freedoms, in order to be adequate, must apply to all activities of " "life. For instance if it says “this is free for academic use,” " "it's not free. Because that's too limited. It doesn't apply to all areas of " "life. In particular, if a program is free, that means it can be modified and " "distributed commercially, because commerce is an area of life, an activity " "in life. And this freedom has to apply to all activities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, it's not obligatory to do any of these things. The point is you're " "free to do them if you wish, when you wish. But you never have to do " "them. You don't have to do any of them. You don't have to run the " "program. You don't have to study or change the source code. You don't have " "to make any copies. You don't have to distribute your modified versions. The " "point is you should be free to do those things <em>if you wish</em>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, freedom number 1, the freedom to study and change the source code to " "make the program do your computing as you wish, includes something that " "might not be obvious at first. If the program comes in a product, and the " "developer can provide an upgrade that will run, then you have to be able to " "make your version run in that product. If the product will only run the " "developer's versions, and refuses to run yours, the executable in that " "product is not free software. Even if it was compiled from free source code, " "it's not free because you don't have the freedom to make the program do your " "computing the way you wish. So, freedom 1 has to be real, not just " "theoretical. It has to include the freedom to use <em>your</em> version, not " "just the freedom to make some source code that won't run." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "The GNU Project and the Free Software movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I launched the Free Software movement in 1983, when I announced the plan to " "develop a free software operating system whose name is GNU. Now GNU, the " "name GNU, is a joke; because part of the hacker's spirit is to have fun even " "when you're doing something <em>very</em> serious. Now I can't think of " "anything more seriously important than defending freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But that didn't mean I couldn't give my system a name that's a joke. So GNU " "is a joke because it's a recursive acronym, it stands for “GNU's Not " "Unix,” so G.N.U.: GNU's Not Unix. So the G in GNU stands for GNU." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In fact this was a tradition at the time. The tradition was: if there was an " "existing program and you wrote something similar to it, inspired by it, you " "could give credit by giving your program a name that's a recursive acronym " "saying it's not the other one. So I gave credit to Unix for the technical " "ideas of Unix, but with the name GNU, because I decided to make GNU a " "Unix-like system, with the same commands, the same system calls, so that it " "would be compatible, so that people who used Unix could switch over easily." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But the reason for developing GNU, that was unique. GNU is the only " "operating system, as far as I know, ever developed for the purpose of " "freedom. Not for technical motivations, not for commercial motivations. GNU " "was written for <em>your</em> freedom. Because without a free operating " "system, it's impossible to have freedom and use a computer. And there were " "none, and I wanted people to have freedom, so it was up to me to write one." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Nowadays there are millions of users of the GNU operating system and most of " "them don't <em>know</em> they are using the GNU operating system, because " "there is a widespread practice which is not nice. People call the system " "“Linux.” Many do, but some people don't, and I hope you'll be " "one of them. Please, since we started this, since we wrote the biggest piece " "of the code, please give us equal mention, please call the system " "“GNU+Linux,” or “GNU/Linux.” It's not much to ask." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But there is another reason to do this. It turns out that the person who " "wrote Linux, which is one component of the system as we use it today, he " "doesn't agree with the Free Software movement. And so if you call the whole " "system Linux, in effect you're steering people towards his ideas, and away " "from our ideas. Because he's not gonna say to them that they deserve " "freedom. He's going to say to them that he likes convenient, reliable, " "powerful software. He's going to tell people that those are the important " "values." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But if you tell them the system is GNU+Linux—it's the GNU operating " "system plus Linux the kernel—then they'll know about us, and then they " "might listen to what we say: you deserve freedom. And since freedom will be " "lost if we don't defend it—there's always going to be a Sarkozy to " "take it away—we need above all to teach people to demand freedom, to " "be ready to stand up for their freedom the next time someone threatens to " "take it away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Nowadays, you can tell who doesn't want to discuss these ideas of freedom " "because they don't say <i>logiciel libre</i>. They don't say <i>libre</i>, " "they say “open source.” That term was coined by the people like " "Mr Torvalds who would prefer that these ethical issues don't get raised. And " "so the way you can help us raise them is by saying <i>libre</i>. You know, " "it's up to you where you stand, you're free to say what you think. If you " "agree with them, you can say open source. If you agree with us, show it, say " "<i>libre</i>!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Free software and education" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The most important point about free software is that schools <em>must</em> " "teach exclusively free software. All levels of schools from kindergarten to " "university, it's their moral responsibility to teach only free software in " "their education, and all other educational activities as well, including " "those that say that they're spreading digital literacy. A lot of those " "activities teach Windows, which means they're teaching " "<em>dependence</em>. To teach people the use of proprietary software is to " "teach dependence, and educational activities must never do that because it's " "the opposite of their mission. Educational activities have a social mission " "to educate good citizens of a strong, capable, cooperating, independent and " "free society. And in the area of computing, that means: teach free software; " "never teach a proprietary program because that's inculcating dependence." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Why do you think some proprietary developers offer gratis copies to schools? " "They want the schools to make the children dependent. And then, when they " "graduate, they're still dependent and, you know, the company is not going to " "offer them gratis copies. And some of them get jobs and go to work for " "companies. Not many of them anymore, but some of them. And those companies " "are not going to be offered gratis copies. Oh no! The idea is: if the school " "directs the students down the path of permanent dependence, they can drag " "the rest of society with them into dependence. That's the plan! It's just " "like giving the school gratis needles full of addicting drugs, saying: " "“Inject this into your students, the first dose is gratis. Once you're " "dependent, then you have to pay.” Well, the school would reject the " "drugs because it isn't right to teach the students to use addictive drugs, " "and it's got to reject the proprietary software also." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some people say: “Let's have the school teach both proprietary " "software and free software, so the students become familiar with " "both.” That's like saying: “For the lunch let's give the kids " "spinach and tobacco, so that they become accustomed to both.” No! The " "schools are only supposed to teach good habits, not bad ones! So there " "should be no Windows in a school, no Macintosh, nothing proprietary in the " "education." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But also, for the sake of educating the programmers. You see, some people " "have a talent for programming. At ten to thirteen years old, typically, " "they're fascinated, and if they use a program, they want to know: “How " "does it do this?” But when they ask the teacher, if it's proprietary, " "the teacher has to say: “I'm sorry, it's a secret, we can't find " "out.” Which means education is forbidden. A proprietary program is the " "enemy of the spirit of education. It's knowledge withheld, so it should not " "be tolerated in a school, even though there may be plenty of people in the " "school who don't care about programming, don't want to learn this. Still, " "because it's the enemy of the spirit of education, it shouldn't be there in " "the school." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But if the program is free, the teacher can explain what he knows, and then " "give out copies of the source code, saying: “Read it and you'll " "understand everything.” And those who are really fascinated, they will " "read it! And this gives them an opportunity to start to learn how to be good " "programmers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To learn to be a good programmer, you'll need to recognize that certain ways " "of writing code, even if they make sense to you and they are correct, " "they're not good because other people will have trouble understanding " "them. Good code is clear code that others will have an easy time working on " "when they need to make further changes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "How do you learn to write good clear code? You do it by reading lots of " "code, and writing lots of code. Well, only free software offers the chance " "to read the code of large programs that we really use. And then you have to " "write lots of code, which means you have to write changes in large programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "How do you learn to write good code for the large programs? You have to " "start small, which does <em>not</em> mean small program, oh no! The " "challenges of the code for large programs don't even begin to appear in " "small programs. So the way you start small at writing code for large " "programs is by writing small changes in large programs. And only free " "software gives you the chance to do that." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So, if a school wants to offer the possibility of learning to be a good " "programmer, it needs to be a free software school." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But there is an even deeper reason, and that is for the sake of moral " "education, education in citizenship. It's not enough for a school to teach " "facts and skills, it has to teach the spirit of goodwill, the habit of " "helping others. Therefore, every class should have this rule: " "“Students, if you bring software to class, you may not keep it for " "yourself, you must share copies with the rest of the class, including the " "source code in case anyone here wants to learn. Because this class is a " "place where we share our knowledge. Therefore, bringing a proprietary " "program to class is not permitted.” The school must follow its own " "rule to set a good example. Therefore, the school must bring only free " "software to class, and share copies, including the source code, with anyone " "in the class that wants copies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Those of you who have a connection with a school, it's <em>your</em> duty to " "campaign and pressure that school to move to free software. And you have to " "be firm. It may take years, but you can succeed as long as you never give " "up. Keep seeking more allies among the students, the faculty, the staff, the " "parents, anyone! And always bring it up as an ethical issue. If someone else " "wants to sidetrack the discussion into this practical advantage and this " "practical disadvantage, which means they're ignoring the most important " "question, then you have to say: “This is not about how to do the best " "job of educating, this is about how to do a good education instead of an " "evil one. It's how to do education right instead of wrong, not just how to " "make it a little more effective, or less.” So don't get distracted " "with those secondary issues, and ignore what really matters!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Internet services" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So, moving on to the next menace. There are two issues that arise from the " "use of Internet services. One of them is that the server could abuse your " "data, and another is that it could take control of your computing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The first issue, people already know about. They are aware that, if you " "upload data to an Internet service, there is a question of what it will do " "with that data. It might do things that mistreat you. What could it do? It " "could lose the data, it could change the data, it could refuse to let you " "get the data back. And it could also show the data to someone else you don't " "want to show it to. Four different possible things." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, here, I'm talking about the data that you <em>knowingly</em> gave to " "that site. Of course, many of those services do <em>surveillance</em> as " "well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For instance, consider Facebook. Users send lots of data to Facebook, and " "one of the bad things about Facebook is that it shows a lot of that data to " "lots of other people, and even if it offers them a setting to say " "“no,” that may not really work. After all, if you say " "“some other people can see this piece of information,” one of " "them might publish it. Now, that's not Facebook's fault, there is nothing " "they could do to prevent that, but it ought to warn people. Instead of " "saying “mark this as only to your so-called friends,” it should " "say “keep in mind that your so-called friends are not really your " "friends, and if they want to make trouble for you, they could publish " "this.” Every time, it should say that, if they want to deal with " "people ethically." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "As well as all the data users of Facebook voluntarily give to Facebook, " "Facebook is collecting data about people's activities on the net through " "various methods of surveillance. But that's the first menace. For now I am " "talking about the data that people <em>know</em> they are giving to these " "sites." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, losing data is something that could always happen by accident. That " "possibility is always there, no matter how careful someone is. Therefore, " "you need to keep multiple copies of data that matters. If you do that, then, " "even if someone decided to delete your data intentionally, it wouldn't hurt " "you that much, because you'd have other copies of it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So, as long as you are maintaining multiple copies, you don't have to worry " "too much about someone's losing your data. What about whether you can get it " "back. Well, some services make it possible to get back all the data that you " "sent, and some don't. Google services will let the user get back the data " "the user has put into them. Facebook, famously, does not." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Of course in the case of Google, this only applies to the data the user " "<em>knows</em> Google has. Google does lots of surveillance, too, and that " "data is not included. But in any case, if you can get the data back, then " "you could track whether they have altered it. And they're not very likely to " "start altering people's data if the people can tell. So maybe we can keep a " "track on that particular kind of abuse." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But the abuse of showing the data to someone you don't want it to be shown " "to is very common and almost impossible for you to prevent, especially if " "it's a US company. You see, the most hypocritically named law in US history, " "the so-called USA Patriot Act, says that Big Brother's police can collect " "just about all the data that companies maintain about individuals. Not just " "companies, but other organizations too, like public libraries. The police " "can get this massively, without even going to court. Now, in a country that " "was founded on an idea of freedom, there's nothing more unpatriotic than " "this. But this is what they did. So you mustn't ever trust any of your data " "to a US company. And they say that foreign subsidiaries of US companies are " "subject to this as well. So the company you're directly dealing with may be " "in Europe, but if it's owned by a US company, you've got the same problem to " "deal with." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, this is mainly of concern when the data you're sending to the " "service is not for publication. There are some services where you publish " "things. Of course, if you publish something, you know everybody is gonna be " "able to see it. So, there is no way they can hurt you by showing it to " "somebody who wasn't supposed to see it. There is nobody who wasn't supposed " "to see it, if you published it. So in that case the problem doesn't exist." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So these are four sub-issues of this one threat of abusing our data. The " "idea of the Freedom Box project is you have your own server in your own " "home, and when you want to do something remotely, you do it with your own " "server, and the police have to get a court order in order to search your " "server. So you have the same rights this way that you would have " "traditionally in the physical world." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The point here and in so many other issues is: as we start doing things " "digitally instead of physically, we shouldn't lose any of our rights; " "because the general tendency is that we do lose rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Basically, Stallman's law says that, in an epoch when governments work for " "the mega-corporations instead of reporting to their citizens, every " "technological change can be taken advantage of to reduce our " "freedom. Because reducing our freedom is what these governments want to " "do. So the question is: when do they get an opportunity? Well, any change " "that happens for some other reason is a possible opportunity, and they will " "take advantage of it if that's their general desire." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But the other issue with Internet services is that they can take control of " "your computing, and that's not so commonly known. But it's becoming more " "common. There are services that offer to do computing for you on data " "supplied by you—things that you should do in your own computer but " "they invite you to let somebody else's computer do that computing work for " "you. And the result is you lose control over it. It's just as if you used a " "nonfree program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Two different scenarios, but they lead to the same problem. If you do your " "computing with a nonfree program… well, the users don't control the " "nonfree program, it controls the users, which would include you. So you've " "lost control of the computing that's being done. But if you do your " "computing in his server… well, the programs that are doing it are the " "ones he chose. You can't touch them or see them, so you have no control over " "them. He has control over them, maybe." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If they are free software and he installs them, then he has control over " "them. But even he might not have control. He might be running a proprietary " "program in his server, in which case it's somebody else who has control of " "the computing being done in his server. He doesn't control it and you don't." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But suppose he installs a free program, then he has control over the " "computing being done in his computer, but you don't. So, either way, <em>you " "don't!</em> So the only way to have control over your computing is to do it " "with <em>your copy</em> of a free program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This practice is called “Software as a Service.” It means doing " "your computing with your data in somebody else's server. And I don't know of " "anything that can make this acceptable. It's always something that takes " "away your freedom, and the only solution I know of is to refuse. For " "instance, there are servers that will do translation or voice recognition, " "and you are letting them have control over this computing activity, which we " "shouldn't ever do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Of course, we are also giving them data about ourselves which they shouldn't " "have. Imagine if you had a conversation with somebody through a " "voice-recognition translation system that was Software as a Service and it's " "really running on a server belonging to some company. Well, that company " "also gets to know what was said in the conversation, and if it's a US " "company that means Big Brother also gets to know. This is no good." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Computers for voting" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The next threat to our freedom in a digital society is using computers for " "voting. You can't trust computers for voting. Whoever controls the software " "in those computers has the power to commit undetectable fraud." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Elections are special, because there's nobody involved that we dare trust " "fully. Everybody has to be checked, crosschecked by others, so that nobody " "is in a position to falsify the results by himself. Because if anybody is in " "a position to do that, he might do it. So our traditional systems for voting " "were designed so that nobody was fully trusted, everybody was being checked " "by others. So that nobody could easily commit fraud. But once you introduce " "a program, this is impossible." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "How can you tell if a voting machine will honestly count the votes? You'd " "have to study the program that's running in it during the election, which of " "course nobody can do, and most people wouldn't even know how to do. But even " "the experts who might theoretically be capable of studying the program, they " "can't do it while people are voting. They'd have to do it in advance, and " "then how do they know that the program they studied is the one that's " "running while people vote? Maybe it's been changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, if this program is proprietary, that means some company controls " "it. The election authority can't even tell what that program is doing. Well, " "this company then could rig the election. And there are accusations that " "this was done in the US within the past ten years, that election results " "were falsified this way." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But what if the program is free software? That means the election authority " "who owns this voting machine has control over the software in it, so the " "election authority could rig the election. You can't trust them either. You " "don't dare trust <em>anybody</em> in voting, and the reason is, there's no " "way that the voters can verify for themselves that their votes were " "correctly counted, nor that false votes were not added." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In other activities of life, you can usually tell if somebody is trying to " "cheat you. Consider for instance buying something from a store. You order " "something, maybe you give a credit card number. If the product doesn't come, " "you can complain and you can… of course if you've got a good enough " "memory you'll notice if that product doesn't come. You're not just giving " "total blind trust to the store, because you can check. But in elections you " "can't check." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I saw once a paper where someone described a theoretical system for voting " "which used some sophisticated mathematics so that people could check that " "their votes had been counted, even though everybody's vote was secret, and " "they could also verify that false votes hadn't been added. It was very " "exciting, powerful mathematics; but even if that mathematics is correct, " "that doesn't mean the system would be acceptable to use in practice, because " "the vulnerabilities of a real system might be outside of that " "mathematics. For instance, suppose you're voting over the Internet and " "suppose you're using a machine that's a zombie. It might tell you that the " "vote was sent for A while actually sending a vote for B. Who knows whether " "you'd ever find out? So, in practice the only way to see if these systems " "work and are honest is through years, in fact decades, of trying them and " "checking in other ways what happened." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I wouldn't want my country to be the pioneer in this. So, use paper for " "voting. Make sure there are ballots that can be recounted." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Speaker's note, added subsequently" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Remote voting by internet has an inherent social danger, that your boss " "might tell you, “I want you to vote for candidate C, and do it from " "the computer in my office while I watch you.” He does not need to say " "out loud that you might be fired if you do not comply. This danger is not " "based on a technical flaw, so it can't be fixed by fixing the technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "The war on sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The next threat to our freedom in a digital society comes from the war on " "sharing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "One of the tremendous benefits of digital technology is that it is easy to " "copy published works and share these copies with others. Sharing is good, " "and with digital technology, sharing is easy. So, millions of people " "share. Those who profit by having power over the distribution of these works " "don't want us to share. And since they are businesses, governments which " "have betrayed their people and work for the Empire of mega-corporations try " "to serve those businesses, they are against their own people, they are for " "the businesses, for the publishers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Well, that's not good. And with the help of these governments, the companies " "have been waging <em>war</em> on sharing, and they've proposed a series of " "cruel draconian measures. Why do they propose cruel draconian measures? " "Because nothing less has a chance of success: when something is good and " "easy, people do it, and the only way to stop them is by being very nasty. So " "of course, what they propose is nasty, nasty, and the next one is " "nastier. So they tried suing teenagers for hundreds of thousands of " "dollars. That was pretty nasty. And they tried turning our technology " "against us, Digital Restrictions Management that means, digital handcuffs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But among the people there were clever programmers too and they found ways " "to break the handcuffs. So for instance, DVDs were designed to have " "encrypted movies in a secret encryption format, and the idea was that all " "the programs to decrypt the video would be proprietary with digital " "handcuffs. They would all be designed to restrict the users. And their " "scheme worked OK for a while. But some people in Europe figured out the " "encryption and they released a free program that could actually play the " "video on a DVD." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Well, the movie companies didn't leave it there. They went to the US " "congress and bought a law making that software illegal. The United States " "invented censorship of software in 1998, with the Digital Millennium " "Copyright Act (DMCA). So the distribution of that free program was forbidden " "in the United States. Unfortunately it didn't stop with the United " "States. The European Union adopted a directive, in 2003 I believe, requiring " "such laws. The directive only says that commercial distribution has to be " "banned, but just about every country in the European Union has adopted a " "nastier law. In France, the mere possession of a copy of that program is an " "offense punished by imprisonment, thanks to Sarkozy. I believe that was done " "by the law DADVSI. I guess he hoped that with an unpronounceable name, " "people wouldn't be able to criticize it. [laughter]" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So, elections are coming. Ask the candidates in the parties: will you repeal " "the DADVSI? And if not, don't support them. You mustn't give up lost moral " "territory forever. You've got to fight to win it back." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So, we still are fighting against digital handcuffs. The Amazon Swindle has " "digital handcuffs to take away the traditional freedoms of readers to do " "things such as: give a book to someone else, or lend a book to someone " "else. That's a vitally important social act. That is what builds society " "among people who read, lending books. Amazon doesn't want to let people lend " "books freely. And then there is also selling a book, perhaps to a used " "bookstore. You can't do that either." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It looked for a while as if DRM had disappeared on music, but now they're " "bringing it back with streaming services such as Spotify. These services all " "require proprietary client software, and the reason is so they can put " "digital handcuffs on the users. So, reject them! They already showed quite " "openly that you can't trust them, because first they said: “You can " "listen as much as you like.” And then they said: “Oh, no! You " "can only listen a certain number of hours a month.” The issue is not " "whether that particular change was good or bad, just or unjust; the point " "is, they have the power to impose any change in policies. So don't let them " "have that power. You should have your <em>own</em> copy of any music you " "want to listen to." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "And then came the next assault on our freedom: HADOPI, basically punishment " "on accusation. It was started in France but it's been exported to many other " "countries. The United States now demand such unjust policies in its free " "exploitation treaties. A few months ago, Colombia adopted such a law under " "orders from its masters in Washington. Of course, the ones in Washington " "are not the real masters, they're just the ones who control the United " "States on behalf of the Empire. But they're the ones who also dictate to " "Colombia on behalf of the Empire." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In France, since the Constitutional Council objected to explicitly giving " "people punishment without trial, they invented a kind of trial which is not " "a real trial, it's just a form of a trial, so they can <em>pretend</em> that " "people have a trial before they're punished. But in other countries they " "don't bother with that, it's explicit punishment on accusation only. Which " "means that for the sake of their war on sharing, they're prepared to abolish " "the basic principles of justice. It shows how thoroughly anti-freedom " "anti-justice they are. These are not legitimate governments." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "And I'm sure they'll come up with more nasty ideas because they're paid to " "defeat the people no matter what it takes. Now, when they do this, they " "always say that it's for the sake of the artists, that they have to " "“protect” the “creators.” Now those are both " "propaganda terms. I am convinced that the reason they love the word " "“creators” is because it is a comparison with a deity. They want " "us to think of artists as super-human, and thus deserving special privileges " "and power over us, which is something I disagree with." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In fact though, the only artists that benefit very much from this system are " "the big stars. The other artists are getting crushed into the ground by the " "heels of these same companies. But they treat the stars very well, because " "the stars have a lot of clout. If a star threatens to move to another " "company, the company says: “Oh, we'll give you what you want.” " "But for any other artist they say: “You don't matter, we can treat you " "any way we like.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So the superstars have been corrupted by the millions of dollars or euros " "that they get, to the point where they'll do almost anything for more " "money. For instance, J. K. Rowling is a good example. J. K. Rowling, a few " "years ago, went to court in Canada and obtained an order that people who had " "bought her books must not read them. She got an order telling people not to " "read her books!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Here's what happened. A bookstore put the books on display for sale too " "early, before the date they were supposed to go on sale. And people came " "into the store and said: “Oh, I want that!” And they bought it " "and took away their copies. And then, they discovered the mistake, so they " "took the copies off of display. But Rowling wanted to crush any circulation " "of any information from those books, so she went to court, and the court " "ordered those people not to read the books that they now owned." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In response, I call for a total boycott of Harry Potter. But I don't say you " "shouldn't read those books or watch the movies, I only say you shouldn't buy " "the books or pay for the movies. [laughter] I leave it to Rowling to tell " "people not to read the books. As far as I am concerned, if you borrow the " "book and read it, that's OK. [laughter] Just don't give her any money! But " "this happened with paper books. The court could make this order but it " "couldn't get the books back from the people who had bought them. Imagine if " "they were ebooks. Imagine if they were ebooks on the Swindle. Amazon could " "send commands to erase them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So, I don't have much respect for stars who will go to such lengths for more " "money. But most artists aren't like that, they never got enough money to be " "corrupted. Because the current system of copyright supports most artists " "very badly. And so, when these companies demand to expand the war on " "sharing, supposedly for the sake of the artists, I'm against what they want " "but I would like to support the artists better. I appreciate their work and " "I realize if we want them to do more work we should support them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Supporting the arts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I have two proposals for how to support artists, methods that are compatible " "with sharing, that would allow us to end the war on sharing and still " "support artists." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "One method uses tax money. We get a certain amount of public funds to " "distribute among artists. But, how much should each artist get? Well, we " "have to measure popularity. You see, the current system supposedly supports " "artists based on their popularity. So I'm saying: let's keep that, let's " "continue in this system to support them based on their popularity. We can " "measure the popularity of all the artists with some kind of polling or " "sampling, so that we don't have to do surveillance. We can respect people's " "anonymity." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "OK, we get a raw popularity figure for each artist, how do we convert that " "into an amount of money? Well, the obvious way is: distribute the money in " "proportion to popularity. So if A is a thousand times as popular as B, A " "will get a thousand times as much money as B. That's not efficient " "distribution of the money. It's not putting the money to good use. You see, " "it's easy for a star A to be a thousand times as popular as a fairly " "successful artist B. And if we use linear proportion, we'll give A a " "thousand times as much money as we give B. And that means that, either we " "have to make A tremendously rich, or we are not supporting B enough." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Well, the money we use to make A tremendously rich is failing to do an " "effective job of supporting the arts; so, it's inefficient. Therefore I say: " "let's use the cube root. Cube root looks sort of like this. The point is: if " "A is a thousand times as popular as B, with the cube root A will get ten " "times as much as B, not a thousand times as much, just ten times as much. So " "the use of the cube root shifts a lot of the money from the stars to the " "artists of moderate popularity. And that means, with less money we can " "adequately support a much larger number of artists." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There are two reasons why this system would use less money than we pay " "now. First of all because it would be supporting artists but not companies, " "second because it would shift the money from the stars to the artists of " "moderate popularity. Now, it would remain the case that the more popular you " "are, the more money you get. And so the star A would still get more than B, " "but not astronomically more." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "That's one method, and because it won't be so much money it doesn't matter " "so much how we get the money. It could be from a special tax on Internet " "connectivity, it could just be some of the general budget that gets " "allocated to this purpose. We won't care because it won't be so much money, " "much less than we're paying now." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The other method I've proposed is voluntary payments. Suppose each player " "had a button you could use to send one euro. A lot of people would send it; " "after all it's not that much money. I think a lot of you might push that " "button every day, to give one euro to some artist who had made a work that " "you liked. But nothing would demand this, you wouldn't be required or " "ordered or pressured to send the money; you would do it because you felt " "like it. But there are some people who wouldn't do it because they're poor " "and they can't afford to give one euro. And it's good that they won't give " "it, we don't have to squeeze money out of poor people to support the " "artists. There are enough non-poor people who'll be happy to do it. Why " "wouldn't you give one euro to some artists today, if you appreciated their " "work? It's too inconvenient to give it to them. So my proposal is to remove " "the inconvenience. If the only reason not to give that euro is you would " "have one euro less, you would do it fairly often." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So these are my two proposals for how to support artists, while encouraging " "sharing because sharing is good. Let's put an end to the war on sharing, " "laws like DADVSI and HADOPI, it's not just the methods that they propose " "that are evil, their purpose is evil. That's why they propose cruel and " "draconian measures. They're trying to do something that's nasty by " "nature. So let's support artists in other ways." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Rights in cyberspace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The last threat to our freedom in digital society is the fact that we don't " "have a firm right to do the things we do, in cyberspace. In the physical " "world, if you have certain views and you want to give people copies of a " "text that defends those views, you're free to do so. You could even buy a " "printer to print them, and you're free to hand them out on the street, or " "you're free to rent a store and hand them out there. If you want to collect " "money to support your cause, you can just have a can and people could put " "money into the can. You don't need to get somebody else's approval or " "cooperation to do these things." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But, in the Internet, you <em>do</em> need that. For instance if want to " "distribute a text on the Internet, you need companies to help you do it. " "You can't do it by yourself. So if you want to have a website, you need the " "support of an ISP or a hosting company, and you need a domain name " "registrar. You need them to continue to let you do what you're doing. So " "you're doing it effectively on sufferance, not by right." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "And if you want to receive money, you can't just hold out a can. You need " "the cooperation of a payment company. And we saw that this makes all of our " "digital activities vulnerable to suppression. We learned this when the " "United States government launched a “distributed denial of service " "attack” (DDoS) against WikiLeaks. Now I'm making a bit of joke because " "the words “distributed denial of service attack” usually refer " "to a different kind of attack. But they fit perfectly with what the United " "States did. The United States went to the various kinds of network services " "that WikiLeaks depended on, and told them to cut off service to " "WikiLeaks. And they did!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For instance, WikiLeaks had rented a virtual Amazon server, and the US " "government told Amazon: “Cut off service for WikiLeaks.” And it " "did, arbitrarily. And then, Amazon had certain domain names such as " "wikileaks.org. The US government tried to get all those domains shut " "off. But it didn't succeed, some of them were outside its control and were " "not shut off." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Then, there were the payment companies. The US went to PayPal and said: " "“Stop transferring money to WikiLeaks or we'll make life difficult for " "you.” And PayPal shut off payments to WikiLeaks. And then it went to " "Visa and Mastercard and got them to shut off payments to WikiLeaks. Others " "started collecting money on WikiLeaks' behalf and their accounts were shut " "off too. But in this case, maybe something can be done. There's a company " "in Iceland which began collecting money on behalf of WikiLeaks, and so Visa " "and Mastercard shut off its account; it couldn't receive money from its " "customers either. And now, that business is suing Visa and Mastercard " "apparently, under European Union law, because Visa and Mastercard together " "have a near-monopoly. They're not allowed to arbitrarily deny service to " "anyone." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Well, this is an example of how things need to be for all kinds of services " "that we use in the Internet. If you rented a store to hand out statements of " "what you think, or any other kind of information that you can lawfully " "distribute, the landlord couldn't kick you out just because he didn't like " "what you were saying. As long as you keep paying the rent, you have a right " "to continue in that store for a certain agreed-on period of time that you " "signed. So you have some rights that you can enforce. And they couldn't shut " "off your telephone line because the phone company doesn't like what you " "said, or because some powerful entity didn't like what you said and " "threatened the phone company. No! As long as you pay the bills and obey " "certain basic rules, they can't shut off your phone line. This is what it's " "like to have some rights!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Well, if we move our activities from the physical world to the virtual " "world, then either we have the same rights in the virtual world, or we have " "been harmed. So, the precarity of all our Internet activities is the last of " "the menaces I wanted to mention." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now I'd like to say that for more information about free software, look at " "gnu.org. Also look at fsf.org, which is the website of the Free Software " "Foundation. You can go there and find many ways you can help us, for " "instance. You can also become a member of the Free Software Foundation " "through that site. […] There is also the Free Software Foundation of " "Europe fsfe.org. You can join FSF Europe also. […]" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Footnote" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "As of 2017 the patents on playing MP3 files have reportedly expired." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2011, 2014, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""