# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: free-software-for-freedom.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-01 05:26+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Why “Free Software” is better than “Open Source” - " "GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Why “Free Software” is better than “Open Source”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This article has been superseded by a major rewrite, <a " "href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">“Open " "Source” misses the point of Free Software</a>, which is much better. " "We keep this version for historical reasons." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "While free software by any other name would give you the same freedom, it " "makes a big difference which name we use: different words <em>convey " "different ideas</em>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In 1998, some of the people in the free software community began using the " "term <a href=\"https://opensource.org\">“open source " "software”</a> instead of <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">“free software”</a> to " "describe what they do. The term “open source” quickly became " "associated with a different approach, a different philosophy, different " "values, and even a different criterion for which licenses are acceptable. " "The Free Software movement and the Open Source movement are today <a " "href=\"#relationship\"> separate movements</a> with different views and " "goals, although we can and do work together on some practical projects." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The fundamental difference between the two movements is in their values, " "their ways of looking at the world. For the Open Source movement, the issue " "of whether software should be open source is a practical question, not an " "ethical one. As one person put it, “Open source is a development " "methodology; free software is a social movement.” For the Open Source " "movement, nonfree software is a suboptimal solution. For the Free Software " "movement, nonfree software is a social problem and free software is the " "solution." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Relationship between the Free Software movement and Open Source movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The Free Software movement and the Open Source movement are like two " "political camps within the free software community." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Radical groups in the 1960s developed a reputation for factionalism: " "organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and " "then treated each other as enemies. Or at least, such is the image people " "have of them, whether or not it was true." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The relationship between the Free Software movement and the Open Source " "movement is just the opposite of that picture. We disagree on the basic " "principles, but agree more or less on the practical recommendations. So we " "can and do work together on many specific projects. We don't think of the " "Open Source movement as an enemy. The enemy is <a " "href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware\"> proprietary " "software</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We are not against the Open Source movement, but we don't want to be lumped " "in with them. We acknowledge that they have contributed to our community, " "but we created this community, and we want people to know this. We want " "people to associate our achievements with our values and our philosophy, not " "with theirs. We want to be heard, not obscured behind a group with " "different views. To prevent people from thinking we are part of them, we " "take pains to avoid using the word “open” to describe free " "software, or its contrary, “closed,” in talking about nonfree " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "So please mention the Free Software movement when you talk about the work we " "have done, and the software we have developed—such as the <a " "href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> operating system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Comparing the two terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This rest of this article compares the two terms “free software” " "and “open source.” It shows why the term “open " "source” does not solve any problems, and in fact creates some." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Ambiguity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The term “free software” has an ambiguity problem: an unintended " "meaning, “Software you can get for zero price,” fits the term " "just as well as the intended meaning, “software which gives the user " "certain freedoms.” We address this problem by publishing a <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\"> more precise definition of free " "software</a>, but this is not a perfect solution; it cannot completely " "eliminate the problem. An unambiguously correct term would be better, if it " "didn't have other problems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own. " "We've looked at many alternatives that people have suggested, but none is so " "clearly “right” that switching to it would be a good idea. " "Every proposed replacement for “free software” has a similar " "kind of semantic problem, or worse—and this includes “open " "source software.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The official definition of “open source software,” as published " "by the Open Source Initiative, is very close to our definition of free " "software; however, it is a little looser in some respects, and they have " "accepted a few licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive of the " "users. However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source " "software” is “You can look at the source code.” This is a " "much weaker criterion than free software; it includes free software, but " "also some <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware\"> " "proprietary</a> programs, including Xv, and Qt under its original license " "(before the QPL)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "That obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning that " "its advocates intend. The result is that most people misunderstand what " "those advocates are advocating. Here is how writer Neal Stephenson defined " "“open source”:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p> msgid "" "Linux is “open source” software meaning, simply, that anyone can " "get copies of its source code files." msgstr "" #. The <a href="http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf"> #. state of #. Kansas</a> published a similar definition: #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or dispute the " "“official” definition. I think he simply applied the " "conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the " "term. The state of Kansas published a similar definition:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p> msgid "" "Make use of open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source " "code is freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing " "agreements vary as to what one is allowed to do with that code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Of course, the open source people have tried to deal with this by publishing " "a precise definition for the term, just as we have done for “free " "software.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But the explanation for “free software” is simple—a person " "who has grasped the idea of “free speech, not free beer” will " "not get it wrong again. There is no such succinct way to explain the " "official meaning of “open source” and show clearly why the " "natural definition is the wrong one." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Fear of Freedom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The main argument for the term “open source software” is that " "“free software” makes some people uneasy. That's true: talking " "about freedom, about ethical issues, about responsibilities as well as " "convenience, is asking people to think about things they might rather " "ignore. This can trigger discomfort, and some people may reject the idea " "for that. It does not follow that society would be better off if we stop " "talking about these things." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Years ago, free software developers noticed this discomfort reaction, and " "some started exploring an approach for avoiding it. They figured that by " "keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only about the immediate " "practical benefits of certain free software, they might be able to " "“sell” the software more effectively to certain users, " "especially business. The term “open source” is offered as a way " "of doing more of this—a way to be “more acceptable to " "business.” The views and values of the Open Source movement stem from " "this decision." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This approach has proved effective, in its own terms. Today many people are " "switching to free software for purely practical reasons. That is good, as " "far as it goes, but that isn't all we need to do! Attracting users to free " "software is not the whole job, just the first step." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary " "software for some practical advantage. Countless companies seek to offer " "such temptation, and why would users decline? Only if they have learned to " "<em>value the freedom</em> free software gives them, for its own sake. It " "is up to us to spread this idea—and in order to do that, we have to " "talk about freedom. A certain amount of the “keep quiet” " "approach to business can be useful for the community, but we must have " "plenty of freedom talk too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "At present, we have plenty of “keep quiet,” but not enough " "freedom talk. Most people involved with free software say little about " "freedom—usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to " "business.” Software distributors especially show this pattern. Some " "<a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> operating system " "distributions add proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they " "invite users to consider this an advantage, rather than a step backwards " "from freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We are failing to keep up with the influx of free software users, failing to " "teach people about freedom and our community as fast as they enter it. This " "is why nonfree software (which Qt was when it first became popular), and " "partially nonfree operating system distributions, find such fertile ground. " "To stop using the word “free” now would be a mistake; we need " "more, not less, talk about freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If those using the term “open source” draw more users into our " "community, that is a contribution, but the rest of us will have to work even " "harder to bring the issue of freedom to those users' attention. We have to " "say, “It's free software and it gives you freedom!”—more " "and louder than ever before." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Would a Trademark Help?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The advocates of “open source software” tried to make it a " "trademark, saying this would enable them to prevent misuse. This initiative " "was later dropped, the term being too descriptive to qualify as a trademark; " "thus, the legal status of “open source” is the same as that of " "“free software”: there is no <em>legal</em> constraint on using " "it. I have heard reports of a number of companies' calling software " "packages “open source” even though they did not fit the official " "definition; I have observed some instances myself." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But would it have made a big difference to use a term that is a trademark? " "Not necessarily." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Companies also made announcements that give the impression that a program is " "“open source software” without explicitly saying so. For " "example, one IBM announcement, about a program that did not fit the official " "definition, said this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p> msgid "" "As is common in the open source community, users of the … technology " "will also be able to collaborate with IBM…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This did not actually say that the program <em>was</em> “open " "source,” but many readers did not notice that detail. (I should note " "that IBM was sincerely trying to make this program free software, and later " "adopted a new license which does make it free software and “open " "source”; but when that announcement was made, the program did not " "qualify as either one.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "And here is how Cygnus Solutions, which was formed to be a free software " "company and subsequently branched out (so to speak) into proprietary " "software, advertised some proprietary software products:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p> msgid "" "Cygnus Solutions is a leader in the open source market and has just launched " "two products into the [GNU/]Linux marketplace." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Unlike IBM, Cygnus was not trying to make these packages free software, and " "the packages did not come close to qualifying. But Cygnus didn't actually " "say that these are “open source software,” they just made use of " "the term to give careless readers that impression." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "These observations suggest that a trademark would not have truly prevented " "the confusion that comes with the term “open source.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Misunderstandings(?) of “Open Source”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The Open Source Definition is clear enough, and it is quite clear that the " "typical nonfree program does not qualify. So you would think that " "“Open Source company” would mean one whose products are free " "software (or close to it), right? Alas, many companies are trying to give it " "a different meaning." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "At the “Open Source Developers Day” meeting in August 1998, " "several of the commercial developers invited said they intend to make only a " "part of their work free software (or “open source”). The focus " "of their business is on developing proprietary add-ons (software or <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.html\">manuals</a>) to sell to the users of this " "free software. They ask us to regard this as legitimate, as part of our " "community, because some of the money is donated to free software " "development." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In effect, these companies seek to gain the favorable cachet of “open " "source” for their proprietary software products—even though " "those are not “open source software”—because they have " "some relationship to free software or because the same company also " "maintains some free software. (One company founder said quite explicitly " "that they would put, into the free package they support, as little of their " "work as the community would stand for.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Over the years, many companies have contributed to free software " "development. Some of these companies primarily developed nonfree software, " "but the two activities were separate; thus, we could ignore their nonfree " "products, and work with them on free software projects. Then we could " "honestly thank them afterward for their free software contributions, without " "talking about the rest of what they did." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We cannot do the same with these new companies, because they won't let us. " "These companies actively invite the public to lump all their activities " "together; they want us to regard their nonfree software as favorably as we " "would regard a real contribution, although it is not one. They present " "themselves as “open source companies,” hoping that we will get a " "warm fuzzy feeling about them, and that we will be fuzzy-minded in applying " "it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This manipulative practice would be no less harmful if it were done using " "the term “free software.” But companies do not seem to use the " "term “free software” that way; perhaps its association with " "idealism makes it seem unsuitable. The term “open source” " "opened the door for this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "At a trade show in late 1998, dedicated to the operating system often " "referred to as “<a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">Linux</a>,” " "the featured speaker was an executive from a prominent software company. He " "was probably invited on account of his company's decision to " "“support” that system. Unfortunately, their form of " "“support” consists of releasing nonfree software that works with " "the system—in other words, using our community as a market but not " "contributing to it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "He said, “There is no way we will make our product open source, but " "perhaps we will make it ‘internal’ open source. If we allow our " "customer support staff to have access to the source code, they could fix " "bugs for the customers, and we could provide a better product and better " "service.” (This is not an exact quote, as I did not write his words " "down, but it gets the gist.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "People in the audience afterward told me, “He just doesn't get the " "point.” But is that so? Which point did he not get?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "He did not miss the point of the Open Source movement. That movement does " "not say users should have freedom, only that allowing more people to look at " "the source code and help improve it makes for faster and better " "development. The executive grasped that point completely; unwilling to " "carry out that approach in full, users included, he was considering " "implementing it partially, within the company." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The point that he missed is the point that “open source” was " "designed not to raise: the point that users <em>deserve</em> freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Spreading the idea of freedom is a big job—it needs your help. That's " "why we stick to the term “free software” in the GNU Project, so " "we can help do that job. If you feel that freedom and community are " "important for their own sake—not just for the convenience they " "bring—please join us in using the term “free software.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "Joe Barr wrote an article called <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20010618050431/itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/pfindex.html\"> " "Live and let license</a> that gives his perspective on this issue." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "Lakhani and Wolf's <a " "href=\"https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf\">paper " "on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable " "fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This was " "despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site " "that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This essay is published in <a " "href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\"><cite>Free " "Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard " "M. Stallman</cite></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. 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