# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/funding-art-vs-funding-software.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: funding-art-vs-funding-software.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-09-16 16:58+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Funding Art vs Funding Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Funding Art vs Funding Software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I've proposed two new systems to fund artists in a world where we have " "legalized sharing (noncommercial redistribution of exact copies) of " "published works. One is for the state to collect taxes for the purpose, and " "divide the money among artists in proportion to the cube root of the " "popularity of each one (as measured by surveying samples of the " "population). The other is for each player to have a “donate” " "button to anonymously send a small sum (perhaps 50 cents, in the US) to the " "artists who made the last work played. These funds would go to artists, not " "to their publishers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "People often wonder why I don't propose these methods for free software. " "There's a reason for that: it is hard to adapt them to works that are free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In my view, works designed to be used to do practical jobs must be free. " "The people who use them deserve to have control over the jobs they do, which " "requires control over the works they use to do them, which requires <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">the four freedoms</a>. Works to do " "practical jobs include educational resources, reference works, recipes, text " "fonts and, of course, software; these works must be free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "That argument does not apply to works of opinion (such as this one) or art, " "because they are not designed for the users to do practical jobs with. " "Thus, I don't believe those works must be free. We must legalize sharing " "them, and using pieces in remix to make totally different new works, but " "that doesn't include in publishing modified versions of them. It follows " "that, for these works, we can tell who the authors are. Each published work " "can specify who its authors are, and changing that information can be " "illegal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "That crucial point enables my proposed funding systems to work. It means " "that if you play a song and push the “donate” button, the system " "can be sure who should get your donation. Likewise, if you participate in " "the survey that calculates popularities, the system will know who to credit " "with a little more popularity because you listened to that song or made a " "copy of it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When one song is made by multiple artists (for instance, several musicians " "and a songwriter), that doesn't happen by accident. They know they are " "working together, and they can decide in advance how to divide up the " "popularity that song later develops—or use the standard default rules " "for this division. This case creates no problem for those two funding " "proposals because the work, once made, is not changed by others." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, in a field of free works, one large work can have hundreds, even " "thousands of authors. There can be various versions with different, " "overlapping sets of authors. Moreover, the contributions of those authors " "will differ in kind as well as in magnitude. This makes it impossible to " "divide the work's popularity among the contributors in a way that can be " "justified as correct. It's not just hard work; it's not merely complex. " "The problem raises philosophical questions that have no good answers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Consider, for example, the free program GNU Emacs. Our records of " "contributions to the code of GNU Emacs are incomplete in the period before " "we started using version control—before that we have only the change " "logs. But let's imagine we still had every version and could determine " "precisely what code contribution is due to each of the hundreds of " "contributors. We'd still be stuck." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If we wanted to give credit in proportion to lines of code (or should it be " "characters?), then it would be straightforward, once we decide how to handle " "a line that was written by A and then changed by B. But that assumes each " "line as important as every other line. I am sure that is wrong—some " "pieces of the code do more important jobs and others less; some code is " "harder to write and other code is easier. But I see no way to quantify " "these distinctions, and the developers could argue about them forever. I " "might deserve some additional credit for having initially written the " "program, and certain others might deserve additional credit for having " "initially written certain later important additions, but I see no objective " "way to decide how much. I can't propose a justifiable rule for dividing up " "the popularity credit of a program like GNU Emacs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "As for asking all the contributors to negotiate an agreement, we can't even " "try. There have been hundreds of contributors, and we could not find them " "all today. They contributed across a span of 26 years, and never at any " "time did all those people decide to work together." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We might not even know the names of all the authors. If some code was " "donated by companies, we did not need to ask which persons wrote that code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Then what about the forked or modified variants of GNU Emacs? Each one is an " "additional case, equally complex but different. How much of the credit for " "such a variant should go to those who worked on that variant, and how much " "to the original authors of the code they got from other GNU Emacs versions, " "other programs, and so on?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The conclusion is that there is no way we could come up with a division of " "the credit for GNU Emacs and justify it as anything but arbitrary. But " "Emacs is not a special case; it is a typical example. The same problems " "would arise for many important free programs, and other free works such as " "Wikipedia pages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "These problems are the reasons I don't propose using those two funding " "systems in fields such as software, encyclopedias or education, where all " "works ought to be free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "What makes sense for these areas is to ask people to donate to " "<em>projects</em> for the work <em>they propose to do</em>. That system is " "simple." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The Free Software Foundation asks for donations in two ways. We ask for <a " "href=\"https://my.fsf.org/donate/\"> general donations to support the " "foundation's work</a>, and we invite <a " "href=\"https://my.fsf.org/donate/directed-donations\"> targeted donations " "for certain specific projects</a>. Other free software organizations do " "this too." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2013, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""