# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: gpl-american-way.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-09-12 08:25+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "The GNU GPL and the American Way - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "The GNU GPL and the American Way" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Richard M. Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Microsoft describes the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) as an " "“open source” license, and says it is against the American Way. " "To understand the GNU GPL, and recognize how it embodies the American Way, " "you must first be aware that the GPL was not designed for open source." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The Open Source Movement, which was launched in 1998, aims to develop " "powerful, reliable software and improved technology, by inviting the public " "to collaborate in software development. Many developers in that movement " "use the GNU GPL, and they are welcome to use it. But the ideas and logic of " "the GPL cannot be found in the Open Source Movement. They stem from the " "deeper goals and values of the Free Software Movement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The Free Software Movement was founded in 1984, but its inspiration comes " "from the ideals of 1776: freedom, community, and voluntary cooperation. " "This is what leads to free enterprise, to free speech, and to free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "As in “free enterprise” and “free speech,” the " "“free” in “free software” refers to freedom, not " "price; specifically, it means that you have the freedom to study, change, " "and redistribute the software you use. These freedoms permit citizens to " "help themselves and help each other, and thus participate in a community. " "This contrasts with the more common proprietary software, which keeps users " "helpless and divided: the inner workings are secret, and you are prohibited " "from sharing the program with your neighbor. Powerful, reliable software " "and improved technology are useful byproducts of freedom, but the freedom to " "have a community is important in its own right." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We could not establish a community of freedom in the land of proprietary " "software where each program had its lord. We had to build a new land in " "cyberspace—the free software GNU operating system, which we started " "writing in 1984. In 1991, when GNU was almost finished, the kernel Linux " "written by Linus Torvalds filled the last gap; soon the free GNU/Linux " "system was available. Today millions of users use GNU/Linux and enjoy the " "benefits of freedom and community." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I designed the GNU GPL to uphold and defend the freedoms that define free " "software—to use the words of 1776, it establishes them as inalienable " "rights for programs released under the GPL. It ensures that you have the " "freedom to study, change, and redistribute the program, by saying that " "nobody is authorized to take these freedoms away from you by redistributing " "the program under a restrictive license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For the sake of cooperation, we encourage others to modify and extend the " "programs that we publish. For the sake of freedom, we set the condition " "that these modified versions of our programs must respect your freedom just " "like the original version. We encourage two-way cooperation by rejecting " "parasites: whoever wishes to copy parts of our software into his program " "must let us use parts of that program in our programs. Nobody is forced to " "join our club, but those who wish to participate must offer us the same " "cooperation they receive from us. That makes the system fair." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Millions of users, tens of thousands of developers, and companies as large " "as IBM, Intel, and Sun, have chosen to participate on this basis. But some " "companies want the advantages without the responsibilities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "From time to time, companies have said to us, “We would make an " "improved version of this program if you allow us to release it without " "freedom.” We say, “No thanks—your improvements might be " "useful if they were free, but if we can't use them in freedom, they are no " "good at all.” Then they appeal to our egos, saying that our code will " "have “more users” inside their proprietary programs. We respond " "that we value our community's freedom more than an irrelevant form of " "popularity." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Microsoft surely would like to have the benefit of our code without the " "responsibilities. But it has another, more specific purpose in attacking " "the GNU GPL. Microsoft is known generally for imitation rather than " "innovation. When Microsoft does something new, its purpose is " "strategic—not to improve computing for its users, but to close off " "alternatives for them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Microsoft uses an anticompetitive strategy called “embrace and " "extend.” This means they start with the technology others are using, " "add a minor wrinkle which is secret so that nobody else can imitate it, then " "use that secret wrinkle so that only Microsoft software can communicate with " "other Microsoft software. In some cases, this makes it hard for you to use " "a non-Microsoft program when others you work with use a Microsoft program. " "In other cases, this makes it hard for you to use a non-Microsoft program " "for job A if you use a Microsoft program for job B. Either way, " "“embrace and extend” magnifies the effect of Microsoft's market " "power." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "No license can stop Microsoft from practicing “embrace and " "extend” if they are determined to do so at all costs. If they write " "their own program from scratch, and use none of our code, the license on our " "code does not affect them. But a total rewrite is costly and hard, and even " "Microsoft can't do it all the time. Hence their campaign to persuade us to " "abandon the license that protects our community, the license that won't let " "them say, “What's yours is mine, and what's mine is mine.” They " "want us to let them take whatever they want, without ever giving anything " "back. They want us to abandon our defenses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But defenselessness is not the American Way. In the land of the brave and " "the free, we defend our freedom with the GNU GPL." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Addendum:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Microsoft says that the GPL is against “intellectual property " "rights.” I have no opinion on “intellectual property " "rights,” because the term is too broad to have a sensible opinion " "about. It is a catch-all, covering copyrights, patents, trademarks, and " "other disparate areas of law; areas so different, in the laws and in their " "effects, that any statement about all of them at once is surely simplistic. " "To think intelligently about copyrights, patents or trademarks, you must " "think about them separately. The first step is declining to lump them " "together as “intellectual property.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "My views about copyright take an hour to expound, but one general principle " "applies: it cannot justify denying the public important freedoms. As " "Abraham Lincoln put it, “Whenever there is a conflict between human " "rights and property rights, human rights must prevail.” Property " "rights are meant to advance human well-being, not as an excuse to disregard " "it." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2021 Richard M. Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""