msgid "Free but Shackled - The Java Trap - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Free but Shackled - The Java Trap" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><h3> msgid "Headnote" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Since this article was first published, Sun (now part of Oracle) has <a " "href=\"https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html\">relicensed</a> " "most of its Java platform reference implementation under the GNU General " "Public License, and there is now a free development environment for Java. " "Thus, the Java language as such is no longer a trap." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "You must be careful, however, because not every Java platform is free. Sun " "continues distributing an executable Java platform which is nonfree, and " "other companies do so too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "The free environment for Java is called IcedTea; the source code Sun freed " "is included in that. So that is the one you should use. Many GNU/Linux " "distributions come with IcedTea, but some include nonfree Java " "platforms. (Note, added 10/2015: The free implementation of Java is known as " "OpenJDK in many GNU/Linux distributions.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "To reliably ensure your Java programs run fine in a free environment, you " "need to develop them using IcedTea. Theoretically the Java platforms should " "be compatible, but they are not compatible 100 percent." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "In addition, there are nonfree programs with “Java” in their " "name, such as JavaFX, and there are nonfree Java packages you might find " "tempting but need to reject. So check the licenses of whatever packages you " "plan to use. If you use Swing, make sure to use the free version, which " "comes with IcedTea. (Note, added 10/2015: A free replacement for JavaFX " "called OpenJFX has been released.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Aside from those Java specifics, the general issue described here remains " "important, because any nonfree library or programming platform can cause a " "similar problem. We must learn a lesson from the history of Java, so we can " "avoid other traps in the future." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please also see: <a href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.html\"> The " "JavaScript Trap</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>April 12, 2004</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If your program is free software, it is basically ethical—but there is " "a trap you must be on guard for. Your program, though in itself free, may be " "restricted by nonfree software that it depends on. Since the problem is most " "prominent today for Java programs, we call it the Java Trap." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A program is free software if its users have certain crucial " "freedoms. Roughly speaking, they are: the freedom to run the program, the " "freedom to study and change the source, the freedom to redistribute the " "source and binaries, and the freedom to publish improved versions. (See the " "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">Free Software Definition</a>.) Whether " "any given program in source form is free software depends solely on the " "meaning of its license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Whether the program can be used in the Free World, used by people who mean " "to live in freedom, is a more complex question. This is not determined by " "the program's own license alone, because no program works in " "isolation. Every program depends on other programs. For instance, a program " "needs to be compiled or interpreted, so it depends on a compiler or " "interpreter. If compiled into byte code, it depends on a byte-code " "interpreter. Moreover, it needs libraries in order to run, and it may also " "invoke other separate programs that run in other processes. All of these " "programs are dependencies. Dependencies may be necessary for the program to " "run at all, or they may be necessary only for certain features. Either way, " "all or part of the program cannot operate without the dependencies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If some of a program's dependencies are nonfree, this means that all or part " "of the program is unable to run in an entirely free system—it is " "unusable in the Free World. Sure, we could redistribute the program and have " "copies on our machines, but that's not much good if it won't run. That " "program is free software, but it is effectively shackled by its nonfree " "dependencies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This problem can occur in any kind of software, in any language. For " "instance, a free program that only runs on Microsoft Windows is clearly " "useless in the Free World. But software that runs on GNU/Linux can also be " "useless if it depends on other nonfree software. In the past, Motif (before " "we had LessTif) and Qt (before its developers made it free software) were " "major causes of this problem. Most 3D video cards work fully only with " "nonfree drivers, which also cause this problem. But the major source of this " "problem today is Java, because people who write free software often feel " "Java is sexy. Blinded by their attraction to the language, they overlook the " "issue of dependencies and fall into the Java Trap." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sun's implementation of Java is nonfree. The standard Java libraries are " "nonfree also. We do have free implementations of Java, such as the <a " "href=\"https://objectcomputing.com/resources/publications/sett/january-2003-gcj-the-gnu-compiler-for-java\"> " "GNU Compiler for Java</a> (GCJ) and <a href=\"/software/classpath\">GNU " "Classpath</a>, but they don't support all the features yet. We are still " "catching up." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you develop a Java program on Sun's Java platform, you are liable to use " "Sun-only features without even noticing. By the time you find this out, you " "may have been using them for months, and redoing the work could take more " "months. You might say, “It's too much work to start over.” Then " "your program will have fallen into the Java Trap; it will be unusable in the " "Free World." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The reliable way to avoid the Java Trap is to have only a free " "implementation of Java on your system. Then if you use a Java feature or " "library that free software does not yet support, you will find out " "straightaway, and you can rewrite that code immediately." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sun continues to develop additional “standard” Java libraries, " "and nearly all of them are nonfree; in many cases, even a library's " "specification is a trade secret, and Sun's latest license for these " "specifications prohibits release of anything less than a full implementation " "of the specification. (See the <a " "href=\"https://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf\"> Java " "Specification Participation Agreement</a> and the <a " "href=\"https://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html\"> " "J2ME™ Personal Basis Profile Specification</a> for examples.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Fortunately, that specification license does permit releasing an " "implementation as free software; others who receive the library can be " "allowed to change it and are not required to adhere to the specification. " "But the requirement has the effect of prohibiting the use of a collaborative " "development model to produce the free implementation. Use of that model " "would entail publishing incomplete versions, something those who have read " "the spec are not allowed to do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In the early days of the free software movement, it was impossible to avoid " "depending on nonfree programs. Before we had the GNU C compiler, every C " "program (free or not) depended on a nonfree C compiler. Before we had the " "GNU C library, every program depended on a nonfree C library. Before we had " "Linux, the first free kernel, every program depended on a nonfree kernel. " "Before we had BASH, every shell script had to be interpreted by a nonfree " "shell. It was inevitable that our first programs would initially be hampered " "by these dependencies, but we accepted this because our plan included " "rescuing them subsequently. Our overall goal, a self-hosting GNU operating " "system, included free replacements for all those dependencies; if we reached " "the goal, all our programs would be rescued. Thus it happened: with the " "GNU/Linux system, we can now run these programs on free platforms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The situation is different today. We now have powerful free operating " "systems and many free programming tools. Whatever job you want to do, you " "can do it on a free platform; there is no need to accept a nonfree " "dependency even temporarily. The main reason people fall into the trap today " "is because they are not thinking about it. The easiest solution to the " "problem is to teach people to recognize it and not fall into it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To keep your Java code safe from the Java Trap, install a free Java " "development environment and use it. More generally, whatever language you " "use, keep your eyes open, and check the free status of programs your code " "depends on. The easiest way to verify that a program is free is by looking " "for it in the <a href=\"https://www.fsf.org/directory\">Free Software " "Directory</a>. If a program is not in the directory, you can check its " "license(s) against the <a href=\"/licenses/license-list.html\">list of free " "software licenses</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We are trying to rescue the trapped Java programs, so if you like the Java " "language, we invite you to help in developing GNU Classpath. Trying your " "programs with the GCJ Compiler and GNU Classpath, and reporting any problems " "you encounter in classes already implemented, is also useful. However, " "finishing GNU Classpath will take time; if more nonfree libraries continue " "to be added, we may never have all the latest ones. So please don't put your " "free software in shackles. When you write an application program today, " "write it to run on free facilities from the start." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "See also:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<a href=\"/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html\">The Curious Incident of Sun " "in the Night-Time</a>" msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2004, 2010, 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/java-trap.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: java-trap.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-09-05 09:56+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Free but Shackled - The Java Trap - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Free but Shackled - The Java Trap" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><h3> msgid "Headnote" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Since this article was first published, Sun (now part of Oracle) has <a " "href=\"https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html\">relicensed</a> " "most of its Java platform reference implementation under the GNU General " "Public License, and there is now a free development environment for Java. " "Thus, the Java language as such is no longer a trap." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "You must be careful, however, because not every Java platform is free. Sun " "continues distributing an executable Java platform which is nonfree, and " "other companies do so too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "The free environment for Java is called IcedTea; the source code Sun freed " "is included in that. So that is the one you should use. Many GNU/Linux " "distributions come with IcedTea, but some include nonfree Java " "platforms. (Note, added 10/2015: The free implementation of Java is known as " "OpenJDK in many GNU/Linux distributions.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "To reliably ensure your Java programs run fine in a free environment, you " "need to develop them using IcedTea. Theoretically the Java platforms should " "be compatible, but they are not compatible 100 percent." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "In addition, there are nonfree programs with “Java” in their " "name, such as JavaFX, and there are nonfree Java packages you might find " "tempting but need to reject. So check the licenses of whatever packages you " "plan to use. If you use Swing, make sure to use the free version, which " "comes with IcedTea. (Note, added 10/2015: A free replacement for JavaFX " "called OpenJFX has been released.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Aside from those Java specifics, the general issue described here remains " "important, because any nonfree library or programming platform can cause a " "similar problem. We must learn a lesson from the history of Java, so we can " "avoid other traps in the future." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please also see: <a href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.html\"> The " "JavaScript Trap</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<em>April 12, 2004</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If your program is free software, it is basically ethical—but there is " "a trap you must be on guard for. Your program, though in itself free, may be " "restricted by nonfree software that it depends on. Since the problem is most " "prominent today for Java programs, we call it the Java Trap." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A program is free software if its users have certain crucial " "freedoms. Roughly speaking, they are: the freedom to run the program, the " "freedom to study and change the source, the freedom to redistribute the " "source and binaries, and the freedom to publish improved versions. (See the " "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">Free Software Definition</a>.) Whether " "any given program in source form is free software depends solely on the " "meaning of its license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Whether the program can be used in the Free World, used by people who mean " "to live in freedom, is a more complex question. This is not determined by " "the program's own license alone, because no program works in " "isolation. Every program depends on other programs. For instance, a program " "needs to be compiled or interpreted, so it depends on a compiler or " "interpreter. If compiled into byte code, it depends on a byte-code " "interpreter. Moreover, it needs libraries in order to run, and it may also " "invoke other separate programs that run in other processes. All of these " "programs are dependencies. Dependencies may be necessary for the program to " "run at all, or they may be necessary only for certain features. Either way, " "all or part of the program cannot operate without the dependencies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If some of a program's dependencies are nonfree, this means that all or part " "of the program is unable to run in an entirely free system—it is " "unusable in the Free World. Sure, we could redistribute the program and have " "copies on our machines, but that's not much good if it won't run. That " "program is free software, but it is effectively shackled by its nonfree " "dependencies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This problem can occur in any kind of software, in any language. For " "instance, a free program that only runs on Microsoft Windows is clearly " "useless in the Free World. But software that runs on GNU/Linux can also be " "useless if it depends on other nonfree software. In the past, Motif (before " "we had LessTif) and Qt (before its developers made it free software) were " "major causes of this problem. Most 3D video cards work fully only with " "nonfree drivers, which also cause this problem. But the major source of this " "problem today is Java, because people who write free software often feel " "Java is sexy. Blinded by their attraction to the language, they overlook the " "issue of dependencies and fall into the Java Trap." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sun's implementation of Java is nonfree. The standard Java libraries are " "nonfree also. We do have free implementations of Java, such as the <a " "href=\"https://objectcomputing.com/resources/publications/sett/january-2003-gcj-the-gnu-compiler-for-java\"> " "GNU Compiler for Java</a> (GCJ) and <a href=\"/software/classpath\">GNU " "Classpath</a>, but they don't support all the features yet. We are still " "catching up." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you develop a Java program on Sun's Java platform, you are liable to use " "Sun-only features without even noticing. By the time you find this out, you " "may have been using them for months, and redoing the work could take more " "months. You might say, “It's too much work to start over.” Then " "your program will have fallen into the Java Trap; it will be unusable in the " "Free World." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The reliable way to avoid the Java Trap is to have only a free " "implementation of Java on your system. Then if you use a Java feature or " "library that free software does not yet support, you will find out " "straightaway, and you can rewrite that code immediately." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sun continues to develop additional “standard” Java libraries, " "and nearly all of them are nonfree; in many cases, even a library's " "specification is a trade secret, and Sun's latest license for these " "specifications prohibits release of anything less than a full implementation " "of the specification. (See the <a " "href=\"https://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf\"> Java " "Specification Participation Agreement</a> and the <a " "href=\"https://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html\"> " "J2ME™ Personal Basis Profile Specification</a> for examples.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Fortunately, that specification license does permit releasing an " "implementation as free software; others who receive the library can be " "allowed to change it and are not required to adhere to the specification. " "But the requirement has the effect of prohibiting the use of a collaborative " "development model to produce the free implementation. Use of that model " "would entail publishing incomplete versions, something those who have read " "the spec are not allowed to do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In the early days of the free software movement, it was impossible to avoid " "depending on nonfree programs. Before we had the GNU C compiler, every C " "program (free or not) depended on a nonfree C compiler. Before we had the " "GNU C library, every program depended on a nonfree C library. Before we had " "Linux, the first free kernel, every program depended on a nonfree kernel. " "Before we had BASH, every shell script had to be interpreted by a nonfree " "shell. It was inevitable that our first programs would initially be hampered " "by these dependencies, but we accepted this because our plan included " "rescuing them subsequently. Our overall goal, a self-hosting GNU operating " "system, included free replacements for all those dependencies; if we reached " "the goal, all our programs would be rescued. Thus it happened: with the " "GNU/Linux system, we can now run these programs on free platforms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The situation is different today. We now have powerful free operating " "systems and many free programming tools. Whatever job you want to do, you " "can do it on a free platform; there is no need to accept a nonfree " "dependency even temporarily. The main reason people fall into the trap today " "is because they are not thinking about it. The easiest solution to the " "problem is to teach people to recognize it and not fall into it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To keep your Java code safe from the Java Trap, install a free Java " "development environment and use it. More generally, whatever language you " "use, keep your eyes open, and check the free status of programs your code " "depends on. The easiest way to verify that a program is free is by looking " "for it in the <a href=\"https://www.fsf.org/directory\">Free Software " "Directory</a>. If a program is not in the directory, you can check its " "license(s) against the <a href=\"/licenses/license-list.html\">list of free " "software licenses</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We are trying to rescue the trapped Java programs, so if you like the Java " "language, we invite you to help in developing GNU Classpath. Trying your " "programs with the GCJ Compiler and GNU Classpath, and reporting any problems " "you encounter in classes already implemented, is also useful. However, " "finishing GNU Classpath will take time; if more nonfree libraries continue " "to be added, we may never have all the latest ones. So please don't put your " "free software in shackles. When you write an application program today, " "write it to run on free facilities from the start." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "See also:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<a href=\"/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html\">The Curious Incident of Sun " "in the Night-Time</a>" msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2004, 2010, 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""