# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: judge-internet-usage.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2022-04-17 09:27+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "A Wise User Judges Each Internet Usage Scenario Carefully - GNU Project - " "Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "A Wise User Judges Each Internet Usage Scenario Carefully" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Businesses now offer computing users tempting opportunities to let others " "keep their data and do their computing. In other words, to toss caution and " "responsibility to the winds." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "These businesses, and their boosters, like to call these computing practices " "“cloud computing.” They apply the same term to other quite " "different scenarios as well, such as renting a remote server, making the " "term so broad and nebulous that nothing meaningful can be said with it. If " "it has any meaning, it can only be a certain attitude towards computing: an " "attitude of not thinking carefully about what a proposed scenario entails or " "what risks it implies. Perhaps the cloud they speak of is intended to form " "inside the customer's mind." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To replace that cloud with clarity, this article discusses several different " "products and services that involve very different usage scenarios (please " "don't think of them as “cloud computing”), and the distinctive " "issues that they raise." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "First, let's classify the kinds of issues that a usage scenario <em>can</em> " "raise. In general, there are two kinds of issues to be considered. One is " "the issue of <em>treatment of your data</em>, and the other is <em>control " "of your computing</em>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Within treatment of your data, several issues can be distinguished: a " "service could lose your data, alter it, show it to someone else without your " "consent, and/or make it hard for you to get the data back. Each of those " "issues is easy to understand; how important they are depends on what kind of " "data is involved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Keep in mind that a US company (or a subsidiary of one) is required to hand " "over nearly all data it has about a user on request of the FBI, without a " "court order, under “USA PATRIOT Act,” whose blackwhiting name is " "as orwellian as its provisions. We know that although the requirements this " "law places on the FBI are very loose, the FBI systematically violates " "them. Senator Wyden says that if he could publicly say how the FBI stretches " "the law, <a href=\"https://www.wired.com/2011/05/secret-patriot-act/\">the " "public would be angry at it</a>. European organizations might well violate " "their countries' data protection laws if they entrust data to such " "companies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Control of your computing is the other category of issue. Users deserve to " "have control of their computing. Unfortunately, most of them have already " "given up such control through the use of proprietary software (not " "free/libre)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "With software, there are two possibilities: either the users control the " "software or the software controls the users. The first case we call " "“free software,” free as in freedom, because the users have " "effective control of the software if they have certain essential " "freedoms. We also call it “free/libre” to emphasize that this is " "a <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">question of freedom, not " "price</a>. The second case is proprietary software. Windows and MacOS are " "proprietary; so is iOS, the software in the iPhone. Such a system controls " "its users, and a company controls the system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When a corporation has power over users in that way, it is likely to abuse " "that power. No wonder that Windows and iOS are known to have spy features, " "features to restrict the user, and back doors. When users speak of " "“jailbreaking” the iPhone, they acknowledge that this product " "shackles the user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When a service does the user's computing, the user loses control over that " "computing. We call this practice “Software as a Service” or " "“SaaS,” and it is equivalent to running a proprietary program " "with a spy feature and a back door. <a " "href=\"/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html\">It is definitely " "to be avoided.</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Having classified the possible issues, let's consider how several products " "and services raise them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "First, let's consider iCloud, a coming Apple service, whose functionality " "(according to advance information) will be that users can copy information " "to a server and access it later from elsewhere, or let users access it from " "there. This is not Software as a Service since it doesn't do any of the " "user's computing, so that issue doesn't arise." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "How will iCloud treat the user's data? As of this writing, we don't know, " "but we can speculate based on what other services do. Apple will probably be " "able to look at that data, for its own purposes and for others' purposes. If " "so, courts will be able to get it with a subpoena to Apple (<em>not</em> to " "the user). The FBI may be able to get it without a subpoena. Movie and " "record companies, or their lawsuit mills, may be able to look at it too. The " "only way this might be avoided is if the data is encrypted on the user's " "machine before upload, and decrypted on the user's machine after it is " "accessed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In the specific case of iCloud, all the users will be running Apple " "software, so Apple will have total control over their data anyway. A spy " "feature was discovered in the iPhone and iPad software early in 2011, " "leading people to speak of the “spyPhone.” Apple could introduce " "another spy feature in the next “upgrade,” and only Apple would " "know. If you're foolish enough to use an iPhone or iPad, maybe iCloud won't " "make things any worse, but that is no recommendation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now let's consider Amazon EC2, a service where a customer leases a virtual " "computer (hosted on a server in an Amazon data center) that does whatever " "the customer programs it to do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "These computers run the <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux " "operating system</a>, and the customer gets to choose all the installed " "software, with one exception: Linux, the lowest-level component (or " "“kernel”) of the system. Customers must select one of the " "versions of Linux that Amazon offers; they cannot make and run their " "own. But they can replace the rest of the system. Thus, they get almost as " "much control over their computing as they would with their own machines, but " "not entirely." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "EC2 does have some drawbacks. One is, since users cannot install their own " "versions of the kernel Linux, it is possible that Amazon has put something " "nasty, or merely inconvenient, into the versions they offer. But this may " "not really matter, given the other flaws. One other flaw is that Amazon does " "have ultimate control of the computer and its data. The state could subpoena " "all that data from Amazon. If you had it in your home or office, the state " "would have to subpoena it from you, and you would have the chance to fight " "the subpoena in court. Amazon may not care to fight the subpoena on your " "behalf." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Amazon places conditions on what you can do with these servers, and can cut " "off your service if it construes your actions to conflict with them. Amazon " "has no need to prove anything, so in practice it can cut you off if it finds " "you inconvenient. As Wikileaks found out, the customer has no recourse if " "Amazon stretches the facts to make a questionable judgment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now let's consider Google ChromeOS, a variant of GNU/Linux which is still in " "development. According to what Google initially said, it will be free/libre " "software, at least the basic system, though experience with Android suggests " "it may come with nonfree programs too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The special feature of this system, its purpose, was to deny users two " "fundamental capabilities that GNU/Linux and other operating systems normally " "provide: to store data locally and to run applications locally. Instead, " "ChromeOS would be designed to require users to save their data in servers " "(normally Google servers, I expect) and to let these servers do their " "computing too. This immediately raises both kinds of issues in their fullest " "form. The only way ChromeOS as thus envisaged could become something users " "ought to accept is if they install a modified version of the system, " "restoring the capabilities of local data storage and local applications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "More recently I've heard that Google has reconsidered this decision and may " "reincorporate those local facilities. If so, ChromeOS might just be " "something people can use in freedom—if it avoids the many other " "problems that we <a " "href=\"/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html\">observe today in " "Android</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "As these examples show, each Internet usage scenario raises its own set of " "issues, and they need to be judged based on the specifics. Vague " "statements, such as any statement formulated in terms of “cloud " "computing,” can only get in the way." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "First published in <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126031912/https://www.europeanbusinessreview.com/a-wise-user-judges-each-internet-usage-scenario-carefully/\"> " "<cite>The European Business Review</cite></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2011, 2022 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""