# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: lessig-fsfs-intro.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-01 05:26+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Introduction to Free Software, Free Society - GNU Project - Free Software " "Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "" "Introduction to <cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of " "Richard M. Stallman</cite>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Lawrence Lessig <a href=\"#lessig\"><sup>[*]</sup></a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Every generation has its philosopher—a writer or an artist who " "captures the imagination of a time. Sometimes these philosophers are " "recognized as such; often it takes generations before the connection is made " "real. But recognized or not, a time gets marked by the people who speak its " "ideals, whether in the whisper of a poem, or the blast of a political " "movement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Our generation has a philosopher. He is not an artist, or a professional " "writer. He is a programmer. Richard Stallman began his work in the labs of " "<abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr>, as a " "programmer and architect building operating system software. He has built " "his career on a stage of public life, as a programmer and an architect " "founding a movement for freedom in a world increasingly defined by " "“code.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Code” is the technology that makes computers run. Whether " "inscribed in software or burned in hardware, it is the collection of " "instructions, first written in words, that directs the functionality of " "machines. These machines—computers—increasingly define and " "control our life. They determine how phones connect, and what runs on " "TV. They decide whether video can be streamed across a broadband link to a " "computer. They control what a computer reports back to its " "manufacturer. These machines run us. Code runs these machines." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "What control should we have over this code? What understanding? What freedom " "should there be to match the control it enables? What power?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "These questions have been the challenge of Stallman's life. Through his " "works and his words, he has pushed us to see the importance of keeping code " "“free.” Not free in the sense that code writers don't get paid, " "but free in the sense that the control coders build be transparent to all, " "and that anyone have the right to take that control, and modify it as he or " "she sees fit. This is “free software”; “free " "software” is one answer to a world built in code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Free.” Stallman laments the ambiguity in his own term. There's " "nothing to lament. Puzzles force people to think, and this term " "“free” does this puzzling work quite well. To modern American " "ears, “free software” sounds utopian, impossible. Nothing, not " "even lunch, is free. How could the most important words running the most " "critical machines running the world be “free”? How could a sane " "society aspire to such an ideal?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Yet the odd clink of the word “free” is a function of us, not of " "the term. “Free” has different senses, only one of which refers " "to “price.” A much more fundamental sense of “free” " "is the “free,” Stallman says, in the term “free " "speech,” or perhaps better in the term “free labor.” Not " "free as in costless, but free as in limited in its control by others. Free " "software is control that is transparent, and open to change, just as free " "laws, or the laws of a “free society,” are free when they make " "their control knowable, and open to change. The aim of Stallman's " "“free software movement” is to make as much code as it can " "transparent, and subject to change, by rendering it “free.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The mechanism of this rendering is an extraordinarily clever device called " "“copyleft” implemented through a license called GPL. Using the " "power of copyright law, “free software” not only assures that it " "remains open, and subject to change, but that other software that takes and " "uses “free software” (and that technically counts as a " "“derivative work”) must also itself be free. If you use and " "adapt a free software program, and then release that adapted version to the " "public, the released version must be as free as the version it was adapted " "from. It must, or the law of copyright will be violated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Free software,” like free societies, has its enemies. Microsoft " "has waged a war against the GPL, warning whoever will listen that the GPL is " "a “dangerous” license. The dangers it names, however, are " "largely illusory. Others object to the “coercion” in GPL's " "insistence that modified versions are also free. But a condition is not " "coercion. If it is not coercion for Microsoft to refuse to permit users to " "distribute modified versions of its product Office without paying it " "(presumably) millions, then it is not coercion when the GPL insists that " "modified versions of free software be free too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "And then there are those who call Stallman's message too extreme. But " "extreme it is not. Indeed, in an obvious sense, Stallman's work is a simple " "translation of the freedoms that our tradition crafted in the world before " "code. “Free software” would assure that the world governed by " "code is as “free” as our tradition that built the world before " "code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example: A “free society” is regulated by law. But there are " "limits that any free society places on this regulation through law: No " "society that kept its laws secret could ever be called free. No government " "that hid its regulations from the regulated could ever stand in our " "tradition. Law controls. But it does so justly only when visibly. And law " "is visible only when its terms are knowable and controllable by those it " "regulates, or by the agents of those it regulates (lawyers, legislatures)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This condition on law extends beyond the work of a legislature. Think about " "the practice of law in American courts. Lawyers are hired by their clients " "to advance their clients' interests. Sometimes that interest is advanced " "through litigation. In the course of this litigation, lawyers write " "briefs. These briefs in turn affect opinions written by judges. These " "opinions decide who wins a particular case, or whether a certain law can " "stand consistently with a constitution." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "All the material in this process is free in the sense that Stallman means. " "Legal briefs are open and free for others to use. The arguments are " "transparent (which is different from saying they are good) and the reasoning " "can be taken without the permission of the original lawyers. The opinions " "they produce can be quoted in later briefs. They can be copied and " "integrated into another brief or opinion. The “source code” for " "American law is by design, and by principle, open and free for anyone to " "take. And take lawyers do—for it is a measure of a great brief that it " "achieves its creativity through the reuse of what happened before. The " "source is free; creativity and an economy is built upon it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This economy of free code (and here I mean free legal code) doesn't starve " "lawyers. Law firms have enough incentive to produce great briefs even though " "the stuff they build can be taken and copied by anyone else. The lawyer is a " "craftsman; his or her product is public. Yet the crafting is not charity. " "Lawyers get paid; the public doesn't demand such work without price. Instead " "this economy flourishes, with later work added to the earlier." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We could imagine a legal practice that was different—briefs and " "arguments that were kept secret; rulings that announced a result but not the " "reasoning. Laws that were kept by the police but published to no one " "else. Regulation that operated without explaining its rule." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We could imagine this society, but we could not imagine calling it " "“free.” Whether or not the incentives in such a society would be " "better or more efficiently allocated, such a society could not be known as " "free. The ideals of freedom, of life within a free society, demand more than " "efficient application. Instead, openness and transparency are the " "constraints within which a legal system gets built, not options to be added " "if convenient to the leaders. Life governed by software code should be no " "less." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Code writing is not litigation. It is better, richer, more productive. But " "the law is an obvious instance of how creativity and incentives do not " "depend upon perfect control over the products created. Like jazz, or novels, " "or architecture, the law gets built upon the work that went before. This " "adding and changing is what creativity always is. And a free society is one " "that assures that its most important resources remain free in just this " "sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For the first time, this book collects the writing and lectures of Richard " "Stallman in a manner that will make their subtlety and power clear. The " "essays span a wide range, from copyright to the history of the free software " "movement. They include many arguments not well known, and among these, an " "especially insightful account of the changed circumstances that render " "copyright in the digital world suspect. They will serve as a resource for " "those who seek to understand the thought of this most powerful " "man—powerful in his ideas, his passion, and his integrity, even if " "powerless in every other way. They will inspire others who would take these " "ideas, and build upon them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "I don't know Stallman well. I know him well enough to know he is a hard man " "to like. He is driven, often impatient. His anger can flare at friend as " "easily as foe. He is uncompromising and persistent; patient in both." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Yet when our world finally comes to understand the power and danger of " "code—when it finally sees that code, like laws, or like government, " "must be transparent to be free—then we will look back at this " "uncompromising and persistent programmer and recognize the vision he has " "fought to make real: the vision of a world where freedom and knowledge " "survives the compiler. And we will come to see that no man, through his " "deeds or words, has done as much to make possible the freedom that this next " "society could have." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We have not earned that freedom yet. We may well fail in securing it. But " "whether we succeed or fail, in these essays is a picture of what that " "freedom could be. And in the life that produced these words and works, there " "is inspiration for anyone who would, like Stallman, fight to create this " "freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "[*] Lawrence Lessig was then Professor of Law at Stanford Law School." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Learn more about <a " "href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\"><cite>Free " "Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard " "M. Stallman</cite></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. 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