# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: linux-gnu-freedom.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-10-18 16:57+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Linux, GNU, and Freedom - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, freedom, software, power, rights, " "Richard Stallman, rms, SIGLINUX, Joe Barr" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "In this essay, Linux, GNU, and freedom, Richard M. Stallman responds to Joe " "Barr's account of the FSF's dealings with the Austin Linux users group." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Linux, GNU, and Freedom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Richard M. Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Since <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190404115541/http://linux.sys-con.com/node/32755\">Joe " "Barr's article</a> criticized my dealings with SIGLINUX, I would like to set " "the record straight about what actually occurred, and state my reasons." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When SIGLINUX invited me to speak, it was a “Linux User Group”; " "that is, a group for users of the GNU/Linux system which calls the whole " "system “Linux.” So I replied politely that if they'd like " "someone from the GNU Project to give a speech for them, they ought to treat " "the GNU Project right, and call the system “GNU/Linux.” The " "system is a variant of GNU, and the GNU Project is its principal developer, " "so social convention says to call it by the name we chose. Unless there are " "powerful reasons for an exception, I usually decline to give speeches for " "organizations that won't give GNU proper credit in this way. I respect " "their freedom of speech, but I also have the freedom not to give a speech." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Subsequently, Jeff Strunk of SIGLINUX tried to change the group's policy, " "and asked the FSF to list his group in our page of GNU/Linux user groups. " "Our webmaster told him that we would not list it under the name " "“SIGLINUX” because that name implies that the group is about " "Linux. Strunk proposed to change the name to “SIGFREE,” and our " "webmaster agreed that would be fine. (Barr's article said we rejected this " "proposal.) However, the group ultimately decided to stay with " "“SIGLINUX.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "At that point, the matter came to my attention again, and I suggested they " "consider other possible names. There are many names they could choose that " "would not call the system “Linux,” and I hope they will come up " "with one they like. There the matter rests as far as I know." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Is it true, as Barr writes, that some people see these actions as an " "“application of force” comparable with Microsoft's monopoly " "power? Probably so. Declining an invitation is not coercion, but people who " "are determined to believe that the entire system is “Linux” " "sometimes develop amazingly distorted vision. To make that name appear " "justified, they must see molehills as mountains and mountains as molehills. " "If you can ignore the facts and believe that Linus Torvalds developed the " "whole system starting in 1991, or if you can ignore your ordinary principles " "of fairness and believe that Torvalds should get the sole credit even though " "he didn't do that, it's a small step to believe that I owe you a speech when " "you ask." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Just consider: the GNU Project starts developing an operating system, and " "years later Linus Torvalds adds one important piece. The GNU Project says, " "“Please give our project equal mention,” but Linus says, " "“Don't give them a share of the credit; call the whole thing after my " "name alone!” Now envision the mindset of a person who can look at " "these events and accuse the GNU Project of egotism. It takes strong " "prejudice to misjudge so drastically." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A person who is that prejudiced can say all sorts of unfair things about the " "GNU Project and think them justified; his fellows will support him, because " "they want each other's support in maintaining their prejudice. Dissenters " "can be reviled; thus, if I decline to participate in an activity under the " "rubric of “Linux,” they may find that inexcusable, and hold me " "responsible for the ill will they feel afterwards. When so many people want " "me to call the system “Linux,” how can I, who merely launched " "its development, not comply? And forcibly denying them a speech is forcibly " "making them unhappy. That's coercion, as bad as Microsoft!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Now, you might wonder why I don't just duck the issue and avoid all this " "grief. When SIGLINUX invited me to speak, I could simply have said " "“No, sorry” and the matter would have ended there. Why didn't I " "do that? I'm willing to take the risk of being abused personally in order to " "have a chance of correcting the error that undercuts the GNU Project's " "efforts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Calling this variant of the GNU system “Linux” plays into the " "hands of people who choose their software based only on technical advantage, " "not caring whether it respects their freedom. There are people like Barr, " "that want their software “free from ideology” and criticize " "anyone that says freedom matters. There are people like Torvalds that will " "pressure our community into use of a nonfree program, and challenge anyone " "who complains to provide a (technically) better program immediately or shut " "up. There are people who say that technical decisions should not be " "“politicized” by consideration of their social consequences." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In the 70s, computer users lost the freedoms to redistribute and change " "software because they didn't value their freedom. Computer users regained " "these freedoms in the 80s and 90s because a group of idealists, the GNU " "Project, believed that freedom is what makes a program better, and were " "willing to work for what we believed in." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We have partial freedom today, but our freedom is not secure. It is " "threatened by the <abbr title=\"Consumer Broadband and Digital Television " "Promotion Act\">CBDTPA</abbr> (formerly <abbr title=\"Security Systems " "Standards and Certification Act\">SSSCA</abbr>), by the Broadcast " "“Protection” Discussion Group (see <a " "href=\"https://www.eff.org/\">www.eff.org</a>) which proposes to prohibit " "free software to access digital TV broadcasts, by software patents (Europe " "is now considering whether to have software patents), by Microsoft " "nondisclosure agreements for vital protocols, and by everyone who tempts us " "with a nonfree program that is “better” (technically) than " "available free programs. We can lose our freedom again just as we lost it " "the first time, if we don't care enough to protect it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Will enough of us care? That depends on many things; among them, how much " "influence the GNU Project has, and how much influence Linus Torvalds has. " "The GNU Project says, “Value your freedom!” Joe Barr says, " "“Choose between nonfree and free programs on technical grounds " "alone!” If people credit Torvalds as the main developer of the " "GNU/Linux system, that's not just inaccurate, it also makes his message more " "influential—and that message says, “Nonfree software is OK; I " "use it and develop it myself.” If they recognize our role, they will " "listen to us more, and the message we will give them is, “This system " "exists because of people who care about freedom. Join us, value your " "freedom, and together we can preserve it.” See <a " "href=\"/gnu/thegnuproject.html\">The GNU Project</a> for the history." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When I ask people to call the system GNU/Linux, some of them respond with <a " "href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\"> silly excuses and straw men</a>. But we " "probably haven't lost anything, because they were probably unfriendly to " "begin with. Meanwhile, other people recognize the reasons I give, and use " "that name. By doing so, they help make other people aware of why the " "GNU/Linux system really exists, and that increases our ability to spread the " "idea that freedom is an important value." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This is why I keep butting my head against bias, calumny, and grief. They " "hurt my feelings, but when successful, this effort helps the GNU Project " "campaign for freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Since this came up in the context of Linux (the kernel) and Bitkeeper, the " "nonfree version control system that Linus Torvalds now uses, I'd like to " "address that issue as well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Bitkeeper issue" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "(See the <a href=\"#update\">update</a> below.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The use of Bitkeeper for the Linux sources has a grave effect on the free " "software community, because anyone who wants to closely track patches to " "Linux can only do it by installing that nonfree program. There must be " "dozens or even hundreds of kernel hackers who have done this. Most of them " "are gradually convincing themselves that it is ok to use nonfree software, " "in order to avoid a sense of cognitive dissonance about the presence of " "Bitkeeper on their machines. What can be done about this?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "One solution is to set up another repository for the Linux sources, using " "CVS or another free version control system, and arranging to load new " "versions into it automatically. This could use Bitkeeper to access the " "latest revisions, then install the new revisions into CVS. That update " "process could run automatically and frequently." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The FSF cannot do this, because we cannot install Bitkeeper on our " "machines. We have no nonfree systems or applications on them now, and our " "principles say we must keep it that way. Operating this repository would " "have to be done by someone else who is willing to have Bitkeeper on his " "machine, unless someone can find or make a way to do it using free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The Linux sources themselves have an even more serious problem with nonfree " "software: they actually contain some. Quite a few device drivers contain " "series of numbers that represent firmware programs to be installed in the " "device. These programs are not free software. A few numbers to be " "deposited into device registers are one thing; a substantial program in " "binary is another." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The presence of these binary-only programs in “source” files of " "Linux creates a secondary problem: it calls into question whether Linux " "binaries can legally be redistributed at all. The GPL requires " "“complete corresponding source code,” and a sequence of integers " "is not the source code. By the same token, adding such a binary to the Linux " "sources violates the GPL." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The Linux developers have a plan to move these firmware programs into " "separate files; it will take a few years to mature, but when completed it " "will solve the secondary problem; we could make a “free Linux” " "version that doesn't have the nonfree firmware files. That by itself won't " "do much good if most people use the nonfree “official” version " "of Linux. That may well occur, because on many platforms the free version " "won't run without the nonfree firmware. The “free Linux” " "project will have to figure out what the firmware does and write source code " "for it, perhaps in assembler language for whatever embedded processor it " "runs on. It's a daunting job. It would be less daunting if we had done it " "little by little over the years, rather than letting it mount up. In " "recruiting people to do this job, we will have to overcome the idea, spread " "by some Linux developers, that the job is not necessary." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Linux, the kernel, is often thought of as the flagship of free software, yet " "its current version is partially nonfree. How did this happen? This " "problem, like the decision to use Bitkeeper, reflects the attitude of the " "original developer of Linux, a person who thinks that “technically " "better” is more important than freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Value your freedom, or you will lose it, teaches history. “Don't " "bother us with politics,” respond those who don't want to learn." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<strong>Update:</strong> Since 2005, BitKeeper is no longer used to manage " "the Linux kernel source tree. See the article, <a " "href=\"/philosophy/mcvoy.html\">Thank You, Larry McVoy</a>. The Linux " "sources still contain nonfree firmware blobs, but as of January 2008, a <a " "href=\"//directory.fsf.org/project/linux\"> free version of Linux</a> is now " "maintained for use in free GNU/Linux distributions." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2021 Richard M. Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""