msgid "Microsoft's New Monopoly - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Microsoft's New Monopoly" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This article was written in July 2005. Microsoft adopted a different policy " "in 2006, so the specific policies described below and the specific " "criticisms of them are only of historical significance. The overall problem " "remains, however: <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120831070708/http://www.grokdoc.net/index.php/EOOXML_objections#Patent_rights_to_implement_the_Ecma_376_specification_have_not_been_granted\"> " "Microsoft's cunningly worded new policy does not give anyone clear " "permission to implement OOXML.</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "European legislators who endorse software patents frequently claim that " "those wouldn't affect free software (or “open source”). " "Microsoft's lawyers are determined to prove they are mistaken." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Leaked internal documents in 1998 said that Microsoft considered the free " "software GNU/Linux operating system (referred to therein as " "“Linux”) as the principal competitor to Windows, and spoke of " "using patents and secret file formats to hold us back." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Because Microsoft has so much market power, it can often impose new " "standards at will. It need only patent some minor idea, design a file " "format, programming language, or communication protocol based on it, and " "then pressure users to adopt it. Then we in the free software community will " "be forbidden to provide software that does what these users want; they will " "be locked in to Microsoft, and we will be locked out from serving them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Previously Microsoft tried to get its patented scheme for spam blocking " "adopted as an Internet standard, so as to exclude free software from " "handling email. The standards committee in charge rejected the proposal, but " "Microsoft said it would try to convince large <abbr title=\"Internet service " "provider\">ISP</abbr>s to use the scheme anyway." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Now Microsoft is planning to try something similar for Word files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Several years ago, Microsoft abandoned its documented format for saving " "documents, and switched to a new format which was secret. However, the " "developers of free software word processors such as AbiWord and " "OpenOffice.org experimented assiduously for years to figure out the format, " "and now those programs can read most Word files. But Microsoft isn't licked " "yet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The next version of Microsoft Word will use formats that involve a technique " "that Microsoft claims to hold a patent on. Microsoft offers a royalty-free " "patent license for certain limited purposes, but it is so limited that it " "does not allow free software. Here is <a " "href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/gg463420(v=msdn.10)\"> " "the license</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Free software is defined as software that respects four fundamental " "freedoms: (0) freedom to run the software as you wish, (1) freedom to study " "the source code and modify it to do what you wish, (2) freedom to make and " "redistribute copies, and (3) freedom to publish modified versions. Only " "programmers can directly exercise freedoms 1 and 3, but all users can " "exercise freedoms 0 and 2, and all users benefit from the modifications that " "programmers write and publish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Distributing an application under Microsoft's patent license imposes license " "terms that prohibit most possible modifications of the software. Lacking " "freedom 3, the freedom to publish modified versions, it would not be free " "software. (I think it could not be “open source” software " "either, since that definition is similar; but it is not identical, and I " "cannot speak for the advocates of open source.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The Microsoft license also requires inclusion of a specific statement. That " "requirement would not in itself prevent the program from being free: it is " "normal for free software to carry license notices that cannot be changed, " "and this statement could be included in one of them. The statement is biased " "and confusing, since it uses the term “intellectual property”; " "fortunately, one is not required to endorse the statement as true or even " "meaningful, only to include it. The software developer could cancel its " "misleading effect with a disclaimer like this: “The following " "misleading statement has been imposed on us by Microsoft; please be advised " "that it is propaganda. See <a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">Richard " "Stallman's article on ‘intellectual property’</a> for more " "explanation.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, the requirement to include a fixed piece of text is actually quite " "cunning, because anyone who does so has explicitly accepted and applied the " "restrictions of the Microsoft patent license. The resulting program is " "clearly not free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some free software licenses, such as the most popular GNU General Public " "License (GNU GPL), forbid publication of a modified version if it isn't free " "software in the same way. (We call that the “liberty or death” " "clause, since it ensures the program will remain free or die.) To apply " "Microsoft's license to a program under the GNU GPL would violate the " "program's license; it would be illegal. Many other free software licenses " "permit nonfree modified versions. It wouldn't be illegal to modify such a " "program and publish the modified version under Microsoft's patent " "license. But that modified version, with its modified license, wouldn't be " "free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Microsoft's patent covering the new Word format is a US patent. It doesn't " "restrict anyone in Europe; Europeans are free to make and use software that " "can read this format. Europeans that develop or use software currently enjoy " "an advantage over Americans: Americans can be sued for patent infringement " "for their software activities in the US, but the Europeans cannot be sued " "for their activities in Europe. Europeans can already get US software " "patents and sue Americans, but Americans cannot get European software " "patents if Europe doesn't allow them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "All that will change if the European Parliament authorizes software " "patents. Microsoft will be one of thousands of foreign software patent " "holders that will bring their patents over to Europe to sue the software " "developers and computer users there. Of the 50,000-odd putatively invalid " "software patents issued by the European Patent Office, around 80 percent do " "not belong to Europeans. The European Parliament should vote to keep these " "patents invalid, and keep Europeans safe." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "[2009 note]: the EU directive to allow software patents was rejected, but " "the European Patent Office has continued issuing them and some countries " "treat them as valid. See <a href=\"https://ffii.org\"> ffii.org</a> for " "more information and to participate in the campaign against software patents " "in Europe." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: microsoft-new-monopoly.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-09-05 09:56+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Microsoft's New Monopoly - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Microsoft's New Monopoly" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This article was written in July 2005. Microsoft adopted a different policy " "in 2006, so the specific policies described below and the specific " "criticisms of them are only of historical significance. The overall problem " "remains, however: <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120831070708/http://www.grokdoc.net/index.php/EOOXML_objections#Patent_rights_to_implement_the_Ecma_376_specification_have_not_been_granted\"> " "Microsoft's cunningly worded new policy does not give anyone clear " "permission to implement OOXML.</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "European legislators who endorse software patents frequently claim that " "those wouldn't affect free software (or “open source”). " "Microsoft's lawyers are determined to prove they are mistaken." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Leaked internal documents in 1998 said that Microsoft considered the free " "software GNU/Linux operating system (referred to therein as " "“Linux”) as the principal competitor to Windows, and spoke of " "using patents and secret file formats to hold us back." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Because Microsoft has so much market power, it can often impose new " "standards at will. It need only patent some minor idea, design a file " "format, programming language, or communication protocol based on it, and " "then pressure users to adopt it. Then we in the free software community will " "be forbidden to provide software that does what these users want; they will " "be locked in to Microsoft, and we will be locked out from serving them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Previously Microsoft tried to get its patented scheme for spam blocking " "adopted as an Internet standard, so as to exclude free software from " "handling email. The standards committee in charge rejected the proposal, but " "Microsoft said it would try to convince large <abbr title=\"Internet service " "provider\">ISP</abbr>s to use the scheme anyway." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Now Microsoft is planning to try something similar for Word files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Several years ago, Microsoft abandoned its documented format for saving " "documents, and switched to a new format which was secret. However, the " "developers of free software word processors such as AbiWord and " "OpenOffice.org experimented assiduously for years to figure out the format, " "and now those programs can read most Word files. But Microsoft isn't licked " "yet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The next version of Microsoft Word will use formats that involve a technique " "that Microsoft claims to hold a patent on. Microsoft offers a royalty-free " "patent license for certain limited purposes, but it is so limited that it " "does not allow free software. Here is <a " "href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/gg463420(v=msdn.10)\"> " "the license</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Free software is defined as software that respects four fundamental " "freedoms: (0) freedom to run the software as you wish, (1) freedom to study " "the source code and modify it to do what you wish, (2) freedom to make and " "redistribute copies, and (3) freedom to publish modified versions. Only " "programmers can directly exercise freedoms 1 and 3, but all users can " "exercise freedoms 0 and 2, and all users benefit from the modifications that " "programmers write and publish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Distributing an application under Microsoft's patent license imposes license " "terms that prohibit most possible modifications of the software. Lacking " "freedom 3, the freedom to publish modified versions, it would not be free " "software. (I think it could not be “open source” software " "either, since that definition is similar; but it is not identical, and I " "cannot speak for the advocates of open source.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The Microsoft license also requires inclusion of a specific statement. That " "requirement would not in itself prevent the program from being free: it is " "normal for free software to carry license notices that cannot be changed, " "and this statement could be included in one of them. The statement is biased " "and confusing, since it uses the term “intellectual property”; " "fortunately, one is not required to endorse the statement as true or even " "meaningful, only to include it. The software developer could cancel its " "misleading effect with a disclaimer like this: “The following " "misleading statement has been imposed on us by Microsoft; please be advised " "that it is propaganda. See <a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">Richard " "Stallman's article on ‘intellectual property’</a> for more " "explanation.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, the requirement to include a fixed piece of text is actually quite " "cunning, because anyone who does so has explicitly accepted and applied the " "restrictions of the Microsoft patent license. The resulting program is " "clearly not free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some free software licenses, such as the most popular GNU General Public " "License (GNU GPL), forbid publication of a modified version if it isn't free " "software in the same way. (We call that the “liberty or death” " "clause, since it ensures the program will remain free or die.) To apply " "Microsoft's license to a program under the GNU GPL would violate the " "program's license; it would be illegal. Many other free software licenses " "permit nonfree modified versions. It wouldn't be illegal to modify such a " "program and publish the modified version under Microsoft's patent " "license. But that modified version, with its modified license, wouldn't be " "free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Microsoft's patent covering the new Word format is a US patent. It doesn't " "restrict anyone in Europe; Europeans are free to make and use software that " "can read this format. Europeans that develop or use software currently enjoy " "an advantage over Americans: Americans can be sued for patent infringement " "for their software activities in the US, but the Europeans cannot be sued " "for their activities in Europe. Europeans can already get US software " "patents and sue Americans, but Americans cannot get European software " "patents if Europe doesn't allow them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "All that will change if the European Parliament authorizes software " "patents. Microsoft will be one of thousands of foreign software patent " "holders that will bring their patents over to Europe to sue the software " "developers and computer users there. Of the 50,000-odd putatively invalid " "software patents issued by the European Patent Office, around 80 percent do " "not belong to Europeans. The European Parliament should vote to keep these " "patents invalid, and keep Europeans safe." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "[2009 note]: the EU directive to allow software patents was rejected, but " "the European Patent Office has continued issuing them and some countries " "treat them as valid. See <a href=\"https://ffii.org\"> ffii.org</a> for " "more information and to participate in the campaign against software patents " "in Europe." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""