msgid "" "Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues - GNU " "Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "<em>Programs and services are different kinds of entities. A program is a " "work that you can execute; a service is an activity that you might interact " "with.</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For programs, we make a distinction between free and nonfree " "(proprietary). More precisely, this distinction applies to a program that " "you have a copy of: either you <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\"> have " "the four freedoms for your copy</a> or you don't. If you don't, that " "program does a specific kind of injustice to you, simply because it is " "nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The copyright holders of a nonfree program can cure that injustice in a " "simple, clear way: release the same source code under a free software " "license. Convincing them to <em>do</em> this may be difficult, but the " "action itself is straightforward." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "An activity (such as a service) doesn't exist in the form of copies, so it's " "not possible for a user to have a copy of it, let alone make more copies. " "Lacking a copy to modify, the user can't modify it either. As a result, the " "four freedoms that define free software don't make sense for services. It " "is meaningless to say that the service is “nonfree,” or that it " "is “free.” That distinction makes no sense, for services." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "That does not mean that the service treats users justly. Quite the " "contrary—many services do wrong to their users, in various ways, and " "we call them “dis-services”—but there is no simple " "universal fix for this, comparable to that for a nonfree program (to release " "it as free software so users can run and control their copies and their " "versions)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To use a culinary analogy, my way of cooking can't be a copy of your way of " "cooking, not even if I learned to cook by watching you. I might have and use " "a copy of the <em>recipe</em> you use to do your cooking, because a recipe, " "like a program, is a work and exists in copies, but your recipe is not the " "same as your way of cooking. (And neither of those is the same as the food " "produced by your cooking.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "With today's technology, services are often implemented by running programs " "on computers, but that is not the only way to implement them. (In fact, " "there are network services that are implemented by asking human beings to " "enter responses to questions.) In any case, the implementation is not " "visible to users of the service, so it has no direct effect on them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A network service can raise issues of free vs nonfree software for its users " "through the client software needed to use it. If the service requires using " "a nonfree client program, use of the service requires ceding your freedom to " "that program. With many web services, the nonfree software is <a " "href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.html\"> JavaScript code</a> silently " "installed in the user's browser. The <a href=\"/software/librejs\">GNU " "LibreJS</a> program makes it easier to refuse to run this nonfree JavaScript " "code. But the issue of the client software is logically separate from the " "service as such." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There is one case where a service is directly comparable to a program: when " "using the service is equivalent to having a copy of a hypothetical program " "and running it yourself. In this case, we call it Service as a Software " "Substitute, or <abbr title=\"Service as a Software Substitute\">SaaSS</abbr> " "(we coined that to be less vague and general than “Software as a " "Service”), and such a service is always a bad thing. The job it does " "is the users' own computing, and the users ought to have full control over " "that. The way for users to have control over their own computing is to do " "it by running their own copies of a free program. Using someone else's " "server to do that computing implies losing control of it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "SaaSS is equivalent to using a nonfree program with surveillance features " "and a universal back door, so <a " "href=\"/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html\">you should " "reject it and replace it with a free program</a> that does the same job." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, most services' principal functions are communicating or publishing " "information; they are nothing like running any program yourself, so they are " "not SaaSS. They could not be replaced by your copy of a program, either; a " "program running in your own computers, used solely by you and isolated from " "others, is not communicating with anyone else." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A non-SaaSS service can mistreat users by doing something specific and " "unjust to the user. For instance, it could misuse the data users send it, " "or collect too much data (surveillance). It could be designed to mislead or " "cheat users (for instance, with “dark patterns”). It could " "impose antisocial or unjust usage conditions. The <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124084811/http://autonomo.us/2008/07/franklin-street-statement/\">Franklin " "Street Statement</a> made a stab at addressing these issues, but we don't " "have full understanding of them as yet. What's clear is that the issues " "about a service are <em>different</em> from the issues about a " "program. Thus, for clarity's sake, it is better not to apply the terms " "“free” and “nonfree” to a service." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Let's suppose a service is implemented using software: the server operator " "has copies of many programs, and runs them to implement the service. These " "copies may be free software or not. If the operator developed them and uses " "them without distributing copies, they are free in a trivial sense since " "every user (there's only one) has the four freedoms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If some of them are nonfree, that usually doesn't directly affect users of " "the service. They are not running those programs; the service operator is " "running them. In a special situation, these programs can indirectly affect " "the users of the service: if the service holds private information, users " "might be concerned that nonfree programs on the server might have back doors " "allowing someone else to see their data. In effect, nonfree programs on the " "server require users to trust those programs' developers as well as the " "service operator. How significant this is in practice depends on the " "details, including what jobs the nonfree programs do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, the one party that is <em>certainly</em> mistreated by the nonfree " "programs implementing the service is the server operator herself. We don't " "condemn the server operator for being at the mercy of nonfree software, and " "we certainly don't boycott her for this. Rather, we are concerned for her " "freedom, as with any user of nonfree software. Given an opportunity, we try " "to explain how it curtails her freedom, hoping she will switch to free " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Conversely, if the service operator runs GNU/Linux or other free software, " "that's not a virtue that affects you, but rather a benefit for her. We " "don't praise or thank her for this; rather we felicitate her for making the " "wise choice." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If she has developed some software for the service, and released it as free " "software, that's the point at which we have a reason to thank her. We " "suggest releasing these programs under the <a " "href=\"/licenses/license-recommendations.html\">GNU Affero GPL</a>, since " "evidently they are useful on servers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<a href=\"/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html\">Why the Affero GPL?</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Thus, we don't have a rule that free systems shouldn't use (or shouldn't " "depend on) services (or sites) implemented with nonfree software. However, " "they should not depend on, suggest or encourage use of services which are " "SaaSS; use of SaaSS needs to be replaced by use of free software. All else " "being equal, it is good to favor those service providers who contribute to " "the community by releasing useful free software, and good to favor " "peer-to-peer communication over server-based centralized communication, for " "activities that don't inherently require a central hub." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2012-2014, 2020, 2023, 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-01 05:26+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues - GNU " "Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "<em>Programs and services are different kinds of entities. A program is a " "work that you can execute; a service is an activity that you might interact " "with.</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For programs, we make a distinction between free and nonfree " "(proprietary). More precisely, this distinction applies to a program that " "you have a copy of: either you <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\"> have " "the four freedoms for your copy</a> or you don't. If you don't, that " "program does a specific kind of injustice to you, simply because it is " "nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The copyright holders of a nonfree program can cure that injustice in a " "simple, clear way: release the same source code under a free software " "license. Convincing them to <em>do</em> this may be difficult, but the " "action itself is straightforward." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "An activity (such as a service) doesn't exist in the form of copies, so it's " "not possible for a user to have a copy of it, let alone make more copies. " "Lacking a copy to modify, the user can't modify it either. As a result, the " "four freedoms that define free software don't make sense for services. It " "is meaningless to say that the service is “nonfree,” or that it " "is “free.” That distinction makes no sense, for services." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "That does not mean that the service treats users justly. Quite the " "contrary—many services do wrong to their users, in various ways, and " "we call them “dis-services”—but there is no simple " "universal fix for this, comparable to that for a nonfree program (to release " "it as free software so users can run and control their copies and their " "versions)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To use a culinary analogy, my way of cooking can't be a copy of your way of " "cooking, not even if I learned to cook by watching you. I might have and use " "a copy of the <em>recipe</em> you use to do your cooking, because a recipe, " "like a program, is a work and exists in copies, but your recipe is not the " "same as your way of cooking. (And neither of those is the same as the food " "produced by your cooking.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "With today's technology, services are often implemented by running programs " "on computers, but that is not the only way to implement them. (In fact, " "there are network services that are implemented by asking human beings to " "enter responses to questions.) In any case, the implementation is not " "visible to users of the service, so it has no direct effect on them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A network service can raise issues of free vs nonfree software for its users " "through the client software needed to use it. If the service requires using " "a nonfree client program, use of the service requires ceding your freedom to " "that program. With many web services, the nonfree software is <a " "href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.html\"> JavaScript code</a> silently " "installed in the user's browser. The <a href=\"/software/librejs\">GNU " "LibreJS</a> program makes it easier to refuse to run this nonfree JavaScript " "code. But the issue of the client software is logically separate from the " "service as such." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There is one case where a service is directly comparable to a program: when " "using the service is equivalent to having a copy of a hypothetical program " "and running it yourself. In this case, we call it Service as a Software " "Substitute, or <abbr title=\"Service as a Software Substitute\">SaaSS</abbr> " "(we coined that to be less vague and general than “Software as a " "Service”), and such a service is always a bad thing. The job it does " "is the users' own computing, and the users ought to have full control over " "that. The way for users to have control over their own computing is to do " "it by running their own copies of a free program. Using someone else's " "server to do that computing implies losing control of it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "SaaSS is equivalent to using a nonfree program with surveillance features " "and a universal back door, so <a " "href=\"/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html\">you should " "reject it and replace it with a free program</a> that does the same job." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, most services' principal functions are communicating or publishing " "information; they are nothing like running any program yourself, so they are " "not SaaSS. They could not be replaced by your copy of a program, either; a " "program running in your own computers, used solely by you and isolated from " "others, is not communicating with anyone else." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A non-SaaSS service can mistreat users by doing something specific and " "unjust to the user. For instance, it could misuse the data users send it, " "or collect too much data (surveillance). It could be designed to mislead or " "cheat users (for instance, with “dark patterns”). It could " "impose antisocial or unjust usage conditions. The <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090124084811/http://autonomo.us/2008/07/franklin-street-statement/\">Franklin " "Street Statement</a> made a stab at addressing these issues, but we don't " "have full understanding of them as yet. What's clear is that the issues " "about a service are <em>different</em> from the issues about a " "program. Thus, for clarity's sake, it is better not to apply the terms " "“free” and “nonfree” to a service." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Let's suppose a service is implemented using software: the server operator " "has copies of many programs, and runs them to implement the service. These " "copies may be free software or not. If the operator developed them and uses " "them without distributing copies, they are free in a trivial sense since " "every user (there's only one) has the four freedoms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If some of them are nonfree, that usually doesn't directly affect users of " "the service. They are not running those programs; the service operator is " "running them. In a special situation, these programs can indirectly affect " "the users of the service: if the service holds private information, users " "might be concerned that nonfree programs on the server might have back doors " "allowing someone else to see their data. In effect, nonfree programs on the " "server require users to trust those programs' developers as well as the " "service operator. How significant this is in practice depends on the " "details, including what jobs the nonfree programs do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, the one party that is <em>certainly</em> mistreated by the nonfree " "programs implementing the service is the server operator herself. We don't " "condemn the server operator for being at the mercy of nonfree software, and " "we certainly don't boycott her for this. Rather, we are concerned for her " "freedom, as with any user of nonfree software. Given an opportunity, we try " "to explain how it curtails her freedom, hoping she will switch to free " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Conversely, if the service operator runs GNU/Linux or other free software, " "that's not a virtue that affects you, but rather a benefit for her. We " "don't praise or thank her for this; rather we felicitate her for making the " "wise choice." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If she has developed some software for the service, and released it as free " "software, that's the point at which we have a reason to thank her. We " "suggest releasing these programs under the <a " "href=\"/licenses/license-recommendations.html\">GNU Affero GPL</a>, since " "evidently they are useful on servers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "<a href=\"/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html\">Why the Affero GPL?</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Thus, we don't have a rule that free systems shouldn't use (or shouldn't " "depend on) services (or sites) implemented with nonfree software. However, " "they should not depend on, suggest or encourage use of services which are " "SaaSS; use of SaaSS needs to be replaced by use of free software. All else " "being equal, it is good to favor those service providers who contribute to " "the community by releasing useful free software, and good to favor " "peer-to-peer communication over server-based centralized communication, for " "activities that don't inherently require a central hub." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2012-2014, 2020, 2023, 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""