# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: open-source-misses-the-point.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-01 05:26+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free " "Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "The terms “free software” and “open source” stand " "for almost the same range of programs. However, they say deeply different " "things about those programs, based on different values. The free software " "movement campaigns for freedom for the users of computing; it is a movement " "for freedom and justice. By contrast, the open source idea values mainly " "practical advantage and does not campaign for principles. This is why we do " "not agree with open source, and do not use that term." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When we call software “free,” we mean that it respects the <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">users' essential freedoms</a>: the freedom " "to run it, to study and change it, and to redistribute copies with or " "without changes. This is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of " "“free speech,” not “free beer.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just for the " "individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they promote " "social solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They become even " "more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly " "digitized. In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free software " "becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software; the " "public schools of some regions of India and Spain now teach all students to " "use the free <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux operating " "system</a>. Most of these users, however, have never heard of the ethical " "reasons for which we developed this system and built the free software " "community, because nowadays this system and community are more often spoken " "of as “open source,” attributing them to a different philosophy " "in which these freedoms are hardly mentioned." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom since " "1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating system GNU, " "so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems that deny freedom to " "their users. During the 1980s, we developed most of the essential " "components of the system and designed the <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU " "General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to release them under—a license " "designed specifically to protect freedom for all users of a program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the goals " "of the free software movement. In 1998, a part of the free software " "community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of “open " "source.” The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible " "misunderstanding of the term “free software,” but it soon became " "associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free " "software movement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a “marketing " "campaign for free software,” which would appeal to business executives " "by highlighting the software's practical benefits, while not raising issues " "of right and wrong that they might not like to hear. Other supporters " "flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and social values. " "Whichever their views, when campaigning for open source, they neither cited " "nor advocated those values. The term “open source” quickly " "became associated with ideas and arguments based only on practical values, " "such as making or having powerful, reliable software. Most of the " "supporters of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same " "association. Most discussion of “open source” pays no attention " "to right and wrong, only to popularity and success; here's a <a " "href=\"https://linuxinsider.com/story/Open-Source-Is-Woven-Into-the-Latest-Hottest-Trends-78937.html\"> " "typical example</a>. A minority of supporters of open source do nowadays " "say freedom is part of the issue, but they are not very visible among the " "many that don't." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The two now describe almost the same category of software, but they stand " "for views based on fundamentally different values. For the free software " "movement, free software is an ethical imperative, essential respect for the " "users' freedom. By contrast, the philosophy of open source considers issues " "in terms of how to make software “better”—in a practical " "sense only. It says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the " "practical problem at hand." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For the free software movement, however, nonfree software is a social " "problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move to free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Free software.” “Open source.” If it's the same " "software (<a href=\"/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html\">or nearly so</a>), " "does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words convey " "different ideas. While a free program by any other name would give you the " "same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends above all " "on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to help do this, it is " "essential to speak of “free software.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We in the free software movement don't think of the open source camp as an " "enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But we want people to " "know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being mislabeled as open " "source supporters. What we advocate is not “open source,” and " "what we oppose is not “closed source.” To make this clear, we " "avoid using those terms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Practical Differences between Free Software and Open Source" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In practice, open source stands for criteria a little looser than those of " "free software. As far as we know, all existing released free software " "source code would qualify as open source. Nearly all open source software " "is free software, but there are exceptions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "First, some open source licenses are too restrictive, so they do not qualify " "as free licenses. For example, Open Watcom is nonfree because its license " "does not allow making a modified version and using it privately. " "Fortunately, few programs use such licenses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Second, trademark requirements added on top of the code's copyright license " "can make a program nonfree. For instance, the Rust compiler may be nonfree, " "because the trademark conditions forbid selling copies or distributing " "modified versions, unless you fully remove all <em>uses of the " "trademark</em>. Just what that requires in practice is not clear." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Third, the criteria for open source are concerned solely with the use of the " "source code. Indeed, almost all the items in the <a " "href=\"https://opensource.org/osd\">Open Source Definition</a> are " "formulated as conditions on the software's <em>source license</em> rather " "than on what users are <em>free to do</em>. However, people often describe " "an executable as “open source,” because its source code is " "available that way. That causes confusion in paradoxical situations where " "the source code is open source (and free) but the executable itself is " "nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The trivial case of this paradox is when a program's source code carries a " "weak free license, one without copyleft, but its executables carry " "additional nonfree conditions. Supposing the executables correspond exactly " "to the released sources—which may or may not be so—users can " "compile the source code to make and distribute free executables. That's why " "this case is trivial; it is no grave problem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The nontrivial case is harmful and important. Many products containing " "computers check signatures on their executable programs to block users from " "effectively using different executables; only one privileged company can " "make executables that can run in the device and use its full capabilities. " "We call these devices “tyrants,” and the practice is called " "“tivoization” after the product (Tivo) where we first saw it. " "Even if the executable is made from free source code, and nominally carries " "a free license, the users cannot usefully run modified versions of it, so " "the executable is de-facto nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many Android products contain nonfree tivoized executables of Linux, even " "though its source code is under GNU GPL version 2. (We designed GNU GPL " "version 3 to prohibit this practice; too bad Linux did not adopt it.) These " "executables, made from source code that is open source and free, are " "generally spoken of as “open source,” but they are <em>not</em> " "free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "" "Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and “Open " "Source”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The term “free software” is prone to misinterpretation: an " "unintended meaning, “software you can get for zero price,” fits " "the term just as well as the intended meaning, “software which gives " "the user certain freedoms.” We address this problem by publishing the " "definition of free software, and by saying “Think of ‘free " "speech,’ not ‘free beer.’” This is not a perfect " "solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem. An unambiguous and " "correct term would be better, if it didn't present other problems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own. " "We've looked at many that people have suggested, but none is so clearly " "“right” that switching to it would be a good idea. (For " "instance, in some contexts the French and Spanish word “libre” " "works well, but people in India do not recognize it at all.) Every proposed " "replacement for “free software” has some kind of semantic " "problem—and this includes “open source software.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The <a href=\"https://opensource.org/osd\">official definition of open " "source software</a> (which is published by the Open Source Initiative and is " "too long to include here) was derived indirectly from our criteria for free " "software. It is not the same; it is a little looser in some respects. " "Nonetheless, their definition agrees with our definition in most cases." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source " "software” is “You can look at the source code.” Indeed, " "most people seem to misunderstand “open source software” that " "way. (The clear term for that meaning is “source available.”) " "That criterion is much weaker than the free software definition, much weaker " "also than the official definition of open source. It includes many programs " "that are neither free nor open source." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Why do people misunderstand it that way? Because that is the natural meaning " "of the words “open source.” But the concept for which the open " "source advocates sought another name was a variant of that of free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Since the obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning " "that its advocates intend, the result is that most people misunderstand the " "term. According to writer Neal Stephenson, “Linux is ‘open " "source’ software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its " "source code files.” I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or " "dispute the official definition. I think he simply applied the conventions " "of the English language to come up with a meaning for the term. The <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20001011193422/http://da.state.ks.us/ITEC/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf\">state " "of Kansas</a> published a similar definition: “Make use of open-source " "software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code is freely and " "publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary as to what " "one is allowed to do with that code.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The <cite>New York Times</cite> <a " "href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html\"> " "ran an article that stretched the meaning of the term</a> to refer to user " "beta testing—letting a few users try an early version and give " "confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers have " "practiced for decades." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The term has even been stretched to include designs for equipment that are " "<a " "href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/aug/27/texas-teenager-water-purifier-toxic-e-waste-pollution\">published " "without a patent</a>. Patent-free equipment designs can be laudable " "contributions to society, but the term “source code” does not " "pertain to them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their official " "definition, but that corrective approach is less effective for them than it " "is for us. The term “free software” has two natural meanings, " "one of which is the intended meaning, so a person who has grasped the idea " "of “free speech, not free beer” will not get it wrong again. " "But the term “open source” has only one natural meaning, which " "is different from the meaning its supporters intend. So there is no " "succinct way to explain and justify its official definition. That makes for " "worse confusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Another misunderstanding of “open source” is the idea that it " "means “not using the GNU GPL.” This tends to accompany another " "misunderstanding that “free software” means “GPL-covered " "software.” These are both mistaken, since the GNU GPL qualifies as an " "open source license and most of the open source licenses qualify as free " "software licenses. There are <a href=\"/licenses/license-list.html\"> many " "free software licenses</a> aside from the GNU GPL." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The term “open source” has been further stretched by its " "application to other activities, such as government, education, and science, " "where there is no such thing as source code, and where criteria for software " "licensing are simply not pertinent. The only thing these activities have in " "common is that they somehow invite people to participate. They stretch the " "term so far that it only means “participatory” or " "“transparent,” or less than that. At worst, it has <a " "href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/opinion/sunday/morozov-open-and-closed.html\"> " "become a vacuous buzzword</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions—but Not Always" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some " "organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and the " "two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite having similar " "basic goals and values. The right wing made much of this and used it to " "criticize the entire left." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some try to disparage the free software movement by comparing our " "disagreement with open source to the disagreements of those radical groups. " "They have it backwards. We disagree with the open source camp on the basic " "goals and values, but their views and ours lead in many cases to the same " "practical behavior—such as developing free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "As a result, people from the free software movement and the open source camp " "often work together on practical projects such as software development. It " "is remarkable that such different philosophical views can so often motivate " "different people to participate in the same projects. Nonetheless, there " "are situations where these fundamentally different views lead to very " "different actions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and redistribute " "the software will make it more powerful and reliable. But this is not " "guaranteed. Developers of proprietary software are not necessarily " "incompetent. Sometimes they produce a program that is powerful and " "reliable, even though it does not respect the users' freedom. Free software " "activists and open source enthusiasts will react very differently to that." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A pure open source enthusiast, one that is not at all influenced by the " "ideals of free software, will say, “I am surprised you were able to " "make the program work so well without using our development model, but you " "did. How can I get a copy?” This attitude will reward schemes that " "take away our freedom, leading to its loss." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The free software activist will say, “Your program is very attractive, " "but I value my freedom more. So I reject your program. I will get my work " "done some other way, and support a project to develop a free " "replacement.” If we value our freedom, we can act to maintain and " "defend it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The idea that we want software to be powerful and reliable comes from the " "supposition that the software is designed to serve its users. If it is " "powerful and reliable, that means it serves them better." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects their " "freedom. What if the software is designed to put chains on its users? Then " "powerfulness means the chains are more constricting, and reliability that " "they are harder to remove. Malicious features, such as spying on the users, " "restricting the users, back doors, and imposed upgrades are common in " "proprietary software, and some open source supporters want to implement them " "in open source programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for individuals " "to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. This " "malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a " "href=\"https://defectivebydesign.org\">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>) and is the " "antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide. And " "not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM " "developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to " "change the software that implements the DRM." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Yet some open source supporters have proposed “open source DRM” " "software. Their idea is that, by publishing the source code of programs " "designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by allowing others " "to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for " "restricting users like you. The software would then be delivered to you in " "devices that do not allow you to change it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This software might be open source and use the open source development " "model, but it won't be free software since it won't respect the freedom of " "the users that actually run it. If the open source development model " "succeeds in making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting " "you, that will make it even worse." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Fear of Freedom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source camp from " "the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of free software made " "some people uneasy. That's true: raising ethical issues such as freedom, " "talking about responsibilities as well as convenience, is asking people to " "think about things they might prefer to ignore, such as whether their " "conduct is ethical. This can trigger discomfort, and some people may simply " "close their minds to it. It does not follow that we ought to stop talking " "about these issues." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "That is, however, what the leaders of open source decided to do. They " "figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only " "about the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might " "be able to “sell” the software more effectively to certain " "users, especially business." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When open source proponents talk about anything deeper than that, it is " "usually the idea of making a “gift” of source code to humanity. " "Presenting this as a special good deed, beyond what is morally required, " "presumes that distributing proprietary software without source code is " "morally legitimate." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This approach has proved effective, in its own terms. The rhetoric of open " "source has convinced many businesses and individuals to use, and even " "develop, free software, which has extended our community—but only at " "the superficial, practical level. The philosophy of open source, with its " "purely practical values, impedes understanding of the deeper ideas of free " "software; it brings many people into our community, but does not teach them " "to defend it. That is good, as far as it goes, but it is not enough to make " "freedom secure. Attracting users to free software takes them just part of " "the way to becoming defenders of their own freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary " "software for some practical advantage. Countless companies seek to offer " "such temptation, some even offering copies gratis. Why would users decline? " "Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, to " "value freedom in and of itself rather than the technical and practical " "convenience of specific free software. To spread this idea, we have to talk " "about freedom. A certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to " "business can be useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes " "so common that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "That dangerous situation is exactly what we have. Most people involved with " "free software, especially its distributors, say little about " "freedom—usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to " "business.” Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add " "proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to " "consider this an advantage rather than a flaw." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux distributions " "find fertile ground because most of our community does not insist on freedom " "with its software. This is no coincidence. Most GNU/Linux users were " "introduced to the system through “open source” discussion, which " "doesn't say that freedom is a goal. The practices that don't uphold freedom " "and the words that don't talk about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting " "the other. To overcome this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about " "freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "“FLOSS” and “FOSS”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The terms “FLOSS” and “FOSS” are used to be <a " "href=\"/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html\"> neutral between free software and " "open source</a>. If neutrality is your goal, “FLOSS” is the " "better of the two, since it really is neutral. But if you want to stand up " "for freedom, using a neutral term isn't the way. Standing up for freedom " "entails showing people your support for freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Rivals for Mindshare" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Free” and “open” are rivals for mindshare. Free " "software and open source are different ideas but, in most people's way of " "looking at software, they compete for the same conceptual slot. When people " "become habituated to saying and thinking “open source,” that is " "an obstacle to their grasping the free software movement's philosophy and " "thinking about it. If they have already come to associate us and our " "software with the word “open,” we may need to shock them " "intellectually before they recognize that we stand for something " "<em>else</em>. Any activity that promotes the word “open” tends " "to extend the curtain that hides the ideas of the free software movement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Thus, free software activists are well advised to decline to work on an " "activity that calls itself “open.” Even if the activity is good " "in and of itself, each contribution you make does a little harm on the side " "by promoting the open source idea. There are plenty of other good " "activities which call themselves “free” or “libre.” " "Each contribution to those projects does a little extra good on the side. " "With so many useful projects to choose from, why not choose one which does " "extra good?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Conclusion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free " "software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue of freedom " "to their attention. We have to say, “It's free software and it gives " "you freedom!”—more and louder than ever. Every time you say " "“free software” rather than “open source,” you help " "our cause." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "Joe Barr wrote an article called <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20010618050431/itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/pfindex.html\"> " "Live and let license</a> that gives his perspective on this issue." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "Lakhani and Wolf's <a " "href=\"https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf\"> " "paper on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a " "considerable fraction are motivated by the view that software should be " "free. This is despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on " "SourceForge, a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical " "issue." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2007, 2010, 2012-2016, 2019-2024 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""