# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/pragmatic.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: pragmatic.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-08-28 13:56+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and goals. " "People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit, love, " "survival, fun, and freedom, are just some of the goals that a good person " "might have. When the goal is a matter of principle, we call that idealism." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "My work on free software is motivated by an idealistic goal: spreading " "freedom and cooperation. I want to <a " "href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.html\">encourage free software to " "spread</a>, replacing proprietary software that forbids cooperation, and " "thus make our society better." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "That's the basic reason why the GNU General Public License is written the " "way it is—as a <a href=\"/licenses/copyleft.html\"> copyleft</a>. All " "code added to a GPL-covered program must be free software, even if it is put " "in a separate file. I make my code available for use in free software, and " "not for use in proprietary software, in order to encourage other people who " "write software to make it free as well. I figure that since proprietary " "software developers use copyright to stop us from sharing, we cooperators " "can use copyright to give other cooperators an advantage of their own: they " "can use our code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Not everyone who uses the GNU GPL has this goal. Many years ago, a friend " "of mine was asked to rerelease a copylefted program under noncopyleft terms, " "and he responded more or less like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p> msgid "" "“Sometimes I work on free software, and sometimes I work on " "proprietary software—but when I work on proprietary software, I expect " "to get <em>paid</em>.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "He was willing to share his work with a community that shares software, but " "saw no reason to give a handout to a business making products that would be " "off-limits to our community. His goal was different from mine, but he " "decided that the GNU GPL was useful for his goal too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you want to accomplish something in the world, idealism is not " "enough—you need to choose a method that works to achieve the goal. In " "other words, you need to be “pragmatic.” Is the GPL pragmatic? " "Let's look at its results." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Consider GNU C++. Why do we have a free C++ compiler? Only because the GNU " "GPL said it had to be free. GNU C++ was developed by an industry " "consortium, MCC, starting from the GNU C compiler. MCC normally makes its " "work as proprietary as can be. But they made the C++ front end free " "software, because the GNU GPL said that was the only way they could release " "it. The C++ front end included many new files, but since they were meant to " "be linked with GCC, the GPL did apply to them. The benefit to our community " "is evident." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Consider GNU Objective C. NeXT initially wanted to make this front end " "proprietary; they proposed to release it as <samp>.o</samp> files, and let " "users link them with the rest of GCC, thinking this might be a way around " "the GPL's requirements. But our lawyer said that this would not evade the " "requirements, that it was not allowed. And so they made the Objective C " "front end free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Those examples happened years ago, but the GNU GPL continues to bring us " "more free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many GNU libraries are covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License, but " "not all. One GNU library which is covered by the ordinary GNU GPL is " "Readline, which implements command-line editing. I once found out about a " "nonfree program which was designed to use Readline, and told the developer " "this was not allowed. He could have taken command-line editing out of the " "program, but what he actually did was rerelease it under the GPL. Now it is " "free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The programmers who write improvements to GCC (or Emacs, or Bash, or Linux, " "or any GPL-covered program) are often employed by companies or " "universities. When the programmer wants to return his improvements to the " "community, and see his code in the next release, the boss may say, " "“Hold on there—your code belongs to us! We don't want to share " "it; we have decided to turn your improved version into a proprietary " "software product.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Here the GNU GPL comes to the rescue. The programmer shows the boss that " "this proprietary software product would be copyright infringement, and the " "boss realizes that he has only two choices: release the new code as free " "software, or not at all. Almost always he lets the programmer do as he " "intended all along, and the code goes into the next release." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The GNU GPL is not Mr. Nice Guy. It says no to some of the things that " "people sometimes want to do. There are users who say that this is a bad " "thing—that the GPL “excludes” some proprietary software " "developers who “need to be brought into the free software " "community.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "But we are not excluding them from our community; they are choosing not to " "enter. Their decision to make software proprietary is a decision to stay " "out of our community. Being in our community means joining in cooperation " "with us; we cannot “bring them into our community” if they don't " "want to join." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "What we <em>can</em> do is offer them an inducement to join. The GNU GPL is " "designed to make an inducement from our existing software: “If you " "will make your software free, you can use this code.” Of course, it " "won't win 'em all, but it wins some of the time." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Proprietary software development does not contribute to our community, but " "its developers often want handouts from us. Free software users can offer " "free software developers strokes for the ego—recognition and " "gratitude—but it can be very tempting when a business tells you, " "“Just let us put your package in our proprietary program, and your " "program will be used by many thousands of people!” The temptation can " "be powerful, but in the long run we are all better off if we resist it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The temptation and pressure are harder to recognize when they come " "indirectly, through free software organizations that have adopted a policy " "of catering to proprietary software. The X Consortium (and its successor, " "the Open Group) offers an example: funded by companies that made proprietary " "software, they strived for a decade to persuade programmers not to use " "copyleft. When the Open Group tried to <a href=\"/philosophy/x.html\">make " "X11R6.4 nonfree software</a>, those of us who had resisted that pressure " "were glad that we did." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with nonfree " "distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and rereleased it " "under the same noncopyleft free software license that was used for X11R6.3. " "Thank you, Open Group—but this subsequent reversal does not invalidate " "the conclusions we draw from the fact that adding the restrictions was " "<em>possible</em>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Pragmatically speaking, thinking about greater long-term goals will " "strengthen your will to resist this pressure. If you focus your mind on the " "freedom and community that you can build by staying firm, you will find the " "strength to do it. “Stand for something, or you will fall for " "anything.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "And if cynics ridicule freedom, ridicule community…if " "“hard-nosed realists” say that profit is the only " "ideal…just ignore them, and use copyleft all the same." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This essay is published in <a " "href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\"><cite>Free " "Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard " "M. Stallman</cite></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. 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