# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: push-copyright-aside.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-10-02 11:56+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "Science Must Push Copyright Aside - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Science Must Push Copyright Aside" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "<em>Many points that lead to a conclusion that software freedom must be " "universal often apply to other forms of expressive works, albeit in " "different ways. This essay concerns the application of principles related to " "software freedom to the area of literature. Generally, such issues are " "orthogonal to software freedom, but we include essays like this here since " "many people interested in Free Software want to know more about how the " "principles can be applied to areas other than software.</em>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It should be a truism that the scientific literature exists to disseminate " "scientific knowledge, and that scientific journals exist to facilitate the " "process. It therefore follows that rules for use of the scientific " "literature should be designed to help achieve that goal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The rules we have now, known as copyright, were established in the age of " "the printing press, an inherently centralized method of mass-production " "copying. In a print environment, copyright on journal articles restricted " "only journal publishers—requiring them to obtain permission to publish " "an article—and would-be plagiarists. It helped journals to operate and " "disseminate knowledge, without interfering with the useful work of " "scientists or students, either as writers or readers of articles. These " "rules fit that system well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The modern technology for scientific publishing, however, is the World Wide " "Web. What rules would best ensure the maximum dissemination of scientific " "articles, and knowledge, on the web? Articles should be distributed in " "nonproprietary formats, with open access for all. And everyone should have " "the right to “mirror” articles—that is, to republish them " "verbatim with proper attribution." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "These rules should apply to past as well as future articles, when they are " "distributed in electronic form. But there is no crucial need to change the " "present copyright system as it applies to paper publication of journals " "because the problem is not in that domain." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Unfortunately, it seems that not everyone agrees with the truisms that began " "this article. Many journal publishers appear to believe that the purpose of " "scientific literature is to enable them to publish journals so as to collect " "subscriptions from scientists and students. Such thinking is known as " "“confusion of the means with the ends.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Their approach has been to restrict access even to read the scientific " "literature to those who can and will pay for it. They use copyright law, " "which is still in force despite its inappropriateness for computer networks, " "as an excuse to stop scientists from choosing new rules." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For the sake of scientific cooperation and humanity's future, we must reject " "that approach at its root—not merely the obstructive systems that have " "been instituted, but the mistaken priorities that inspired them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Journal publishers sometimes claim that online access requires expensive " "high-powered server machines, and that they must charge access fees to pay " "for these servers. This “problem” is a consequence of its own " "“solution.” Give everyone the freedom to mirror, and libraries " "around the world will set up mirror sites to meet the demand. This " "decentralized solution will reduce network bandwidth needs and provide " "faster access, all the while protecting the scholarly record against " "accidental loss." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Publishers also argue that paying the editors requires charging for access. " "Let us accept the assumption that editors must be paid; this tail need not " "wag the dog. The cost of editing for a typical paper is between 1 percent " "and 3 percent of the cost of funding the research to produce it. Such a " "small percentage of the cost can hardly justify obstructing the use of the " "results." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Instead, the cost of editing could be recovered, for example, through page " "charges to the authors, who can pass these on to the research sponsors. The " "sponsors should not mind, given that they currently pay for publication in a " "more cumbersome way, through overhead fees for the university library's " "subscription to the journal. By changing the economic model to charge " "editing costs to the research sponsors, we can eliminate the apparent need " "to restrict access. The occasional author who is not affiliated with an " "institution or company, and who has no research sponsor, could be exempted " "from page charges, with costs levied on institution-based authors." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Another justification for access fees to online publications is to fund " "conversion of the print archives of a journal into online form. That work " "needs to be done, but we should seek alternative ways of funding it that do " "not involve obstructing access to the result. The work itself will not be " "any more difficult, or cost any more. It is self-defeating to digitize the " "archives and waste the results by restricting access." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The US Constitution says that copyright exists “to promote the " "Progress of Science.” When copyright impedes the progress of science, " "science must push copyright out of the way." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Later developments" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some universities have adopted policies to thwart the journal publishers' " "power. For instance, look at the <a " "href=\"https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-policy/\"> " "MIT Faculty Open Access Policy</a>. Stronger policies are needed, however, " "as this one permits individual authors to “opt out” (i.e., cave " "in)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The US government has imposed a requirement known as “public " "access” on some funded research. This requires publication within a " "certain period in a site that allows anyone to view the article. This " "requirement is a positive step, but inadequate because it does not include " "freedom to redistribute the article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Curiously, the concept of “open access” in the 2002 Budapest " "Open Access Initiative did include freedom to redistribute. I signed that " "declaration, despite my distaste for the word “open,” because " "the substance of the position was right." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, the word “open” had the last laugh: influential " "campaigners for “open access” subsequently dropped freedom to " "redistribute from their goals. I stand by the position of the <a " "href=\"https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/\">BOAI</a>, but now " "that “open access” means something else, I refer to it as " "“redistributable publication” or “free-to-mirror " "publication.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This article appeared in <a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20050729110347/http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html\"> " "<cite>Nature WebDebates</cite></a> in 2001." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2010-2012, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""