msgid "The Right to Read - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "The Right to Read" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of articles about the " "antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa Lenz " "asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless she could " "borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There was no one she " "dared ask, except Dan." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent her his " "computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that you could go " "to prison for many years for letting someone else read your books, the very " "idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had been taught since " "elementary school that sharing books was nasty and wrong—something " "that only pirates would do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software Protection " "Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software class, Dan had " "learned that each book had a copyright monitor that reported when and where " "it was read, and by whom, to Central Licensing. (They used this information " "to catch reading pirates, but also to sell personal interest profiles to " "retailers.) The next time his computer was networked, Central Licensing " "would find out. He, as computer owner, would receive the harshest " "punishment—for not taking pains to prevent the crime." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She might " "want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she came from a " "middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition, let alone her " "reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way she could graduate. " "He understood this situation; he himself had had to borrow to pay for all " "the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those fees went to the " "researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for an academic career, he " "could hope that his own research papers, if frequently referenced, would " "bring in enough to repay this loan.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the " "library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to pay. " "There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages without " "government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial and nonprofit " "journal publishers had begun charging fees for access. By 2047, libraries " "offering free public access to scholarly literature were a dim memory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central Licensing. " "They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in software, Frank " "Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool, and used it to skip " "over the copyright monitor code when reading books. But he had told too " "many friends about it, and one of them turned him in to the SPA for a reward " "(students deep in debt were easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank " "was in prison, not for pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have debugging " "tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD or downloadable " "over the net. But ordinary users started using them to bypass copyright " "monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this had become their principal " "use in actual practice. This meant they were illegal; the debuggers' " "developers were sent to prison." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger vendors in " "2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to officially licensed and " "bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in software class was kept behind " "a special firewall so that it could be used only for class exercises." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a " "modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free " "kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around the " "turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like " "debuggers—you could not install one if you had one, without knowing " "your computer's root password. And neither the FBI nor Microsoft Support " "would tell you that." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he " "couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to speak " "with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask for help, " "that could mean she loved him too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more unthinkable—he " "lent her the computer, and told her his password. This way, if Lissa read " "his books, Central Licensing would think he was reading them. It was still " "a crime, but the SPA would not automatically find out about it. They would " "only find out if Lissa reported him." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his own " "password, it would be curtains for both of them as students, regardless of " "what she had used it for. School policy was that any interference with " "their means of monitoring students' computer use was grounds for " "disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did anything " "harmful—the offense was making it hard for the administrators to check " "on you. They assumed this meant you were doing something else forbidden, " "and they did not need to know what it was." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly. Instead " "they were banned from the school computer systems, and would inevitably fail " "all their classes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started only in " "the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began using computers. " "Previously, universities maintained a different approach to student " "discipline; they punished activities that were harmful, not those that " "merely raised suspicion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to their " "marriage, and also led them to question what they had been taught about " "piracy as children. The couple began reading about the history of " "copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on copying, and even " "the original United States Constitution. They moved to Luna, where they " "found others who had likewise gravitated away from the long arm of the SPA. " "When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the universal right to read soon " "became one of its central aims." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "<a href=\"https://www.defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html\"> Join our mailing " "list about the dangers of e-books</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><h3> msgid "Author's Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in the " "future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a repressive " "society shaped by the unjust forces that use “pirate” as " "propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that society. I have tried to " "project it forwards into something more visibly oppressive. See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy\">“Piracy”</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "Computer-enforced restrictions on lending or reading books (and other kinds " "of published works) are known as DRM, short for “Digital Restrictions " "Management.” To eliminate DRM, the Free Software Foundation has " "established the <a href=\"https://www.defectivebydesign.org/\">Defective by " "Design</a> campaign. We ask for your support." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a separate organization not related to " "the Free Software Foundation, also campaigns against DRM." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "The following note has been updated several times since the first " "publication of the story." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The battle for the right to read is already being fought. Although it may " "take 50 years for our past freedoms to fade into obscurity, most of the " "specific repressive laws and practices described above have already been " "proposed; some have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In the " "US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) gave explicit " "government backing to the computer-enforced restrictions known as DRM, by " "making the distribution of programs that can break DRM a crime. The " "European Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright directive, " "in a form not quite as strong." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The US campaigns to impose such rules on the rest of the world through " "so-called “free trade” treaties. <a " "href=\"https://stallman.org/business-supremacy-treaties.html\"> " "Business-supremacy treaties</a> is a more fitting term for them, since they " "are designed to give business dominion over nominally democratic states. " "The DMCA's policy of criminalizing programs that break DRM is one of many " "unjust policies that these treaties impose across a wide range of fields." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The US has imposed DMCA requirements on Australia, Panama, Colombia and " "South Korea through bilateral agreements, and on countries such as Costa " "Rica through another treaty, CAFTA. Obama has escalated the campaign with " "two new proposed treaties, the TPP and the TTIP. The TPP would impose the " "DMCA, along with many other wrongs, on 12 countries on the Pacific Ocean. " "The TTIP would impose similar strictures on Europe. All these treaties must " "be defeated, or abolished." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "Even the World Wide Web Consortium has fallen under the shadow of the " "copyright industry; it is on the verge of approving a DRM system as an " "official part of the web specifications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><div><p> msgid "" "Nonfree software tends to have <a href=\"/proprietary/\">abusive features of " "many kinds</a>, which lead to the conclusion that <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">you can never " "trust a nonfree program</a>. We must insist on free (libre) software only, " "and reject nonfree programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "With Windows Vista, Microsoft admitted it had built in a back door: " "Microsoft can use it to forcibly install software “upgrades,” " "even if users consider them rather to be downgrades. It can also order all " "machines running Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main " "purpose of Vista's clampdown on users was to impose DRM that users can't " "overcome. Of course, Windows 10 is no better." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002. This " "is the idea that the FBI and Microsoft will keep the root passwords for your " "personal computers, and not let you have them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The proponents of this scheme gave early versions names such as " "“trusted computing” and “Palladium,” but as " "ultimately put into use, it is called “secure boot.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional sense; no " "person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a signature and " "encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored in your computer. " "This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web sites that cooperate with " "Microsoft, the ultimate control over what the user can do on per own " "computer. Microsoft is likely to use that control on behalf of the FBI when " "asked: it already <a href=\"/proprietary/malware-microsoft.html\">shows the " "NSA security bugs in Windows</a> to exploit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "Secure boot can be implemented in a way that permits the user to specify the " "signature key and decide what software to sign. In practice, PCs designed " "for Windows 10 carry only Microsoft's key, and whether the machine's owner " "can install any other system (such as GNU/Linux) is under Microsoft's " "control. We call this <em>restricted boot</em>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "In 1997, when this story was first published, the SPA was threatening small " "Internet service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all " "users. Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they could not afford " "to fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, " "California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped " "the suit, but the DMCA gave it the power it sought." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has been " "replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. The BSA " "is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like one. " "Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people " "to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in " "Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software " "would be raped in prison." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The university security policies described above are not imaginary. For " "example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this message " "upon login:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><blockquote><p> msgid "" "This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using this " "computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority are " "subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and recorded " "by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals improperly " "using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the activities of " "authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this system expressly " "consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such monitoring reveals " "possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of University regulations " "system personnel may provide the evidence of such monitoring to University " "authorities and/or law enforcement officials." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most " "everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><h3> msgid "Bad News" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "The battle for the right to read is going against us so far. The enemy is " "organized, and we are not." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><p> msgid "" "Today's commercial e-books <a " "href=\"/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html\"> abolish readers' traditional " "freedoms</a>. Amazon's e-book reader product, which I call the “<a " "href=\"/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html\">Amazon Swindle</a>” " "because it's designed to swindle readers out of the traditional freedoms of " "readers of books, is run by software with several demonstrated <a " "href=\"/proprietary/malware-kindle-swindle.html\">Orwellian " "functionalities</a>. Any one of them calls for rejecting the product " "completely:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "It spies on everything the user does: it reports which book the user is " "reading, and which page, and it reports when the user highlights text, and " "any notes the user enters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><ul><li><p> msgid "It has DRM, which is intended to block users from sharing copies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "It has a back door with which Amazon can remotely erase any book. In 2009, " "it erased thousands of copies of 1984, by George Orwell." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "In case all that isn't Orwellian enough, there is a universal back door with " "which Amazon can remotely change the software, and introduce any other form " "of nastiness." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><p> msgid "" "Amazon's e-book distribution is oppressive, too. It identifies the user and " "records what books the user obtains. It also requires users to agree to an " "antisocial contract that they won't share copies with others. My conscience " "tells me that, if I had agreed to such a contract, the lesser evil would be " "to defy it and share copies anyway; however, to be entirely good, I should " "not agree to it in the first place. Therefore, I refuse to agree to such " "contracts, whether for software, for e-books, for music, or for anything " "else." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><p> msgid "" "If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need to " "organize and fight. Subscribe to the FSF's <a " "href=\"https://www.defectivebydesign.org/\"> Defective by Design</a> " "campaign to lend a hand. You can <a " "href=\"https://www.fsf.org/associate\">join the FSF</a> to support our work " "more generally. There is also a <a href=\"/help/help.html\">list of ways to " "participate in our work</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "References" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "The administration's “White Paper”: Information Infrastructure " "Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a " "href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">sic</a>] and the National Information " "Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property " "[sic] Rights (1995)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"https://www.wired.com/1996/01/white-paper/\">An explanation of the " "White Paper: The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson, <cite>Wired</cite>, " "January 1st, 1996." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"https://law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm\">Sold Out</a>, James " "Boyle, <cite>New York Times</cite>, March 31, 1996." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130508120533/http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html\">Public " "Data or Private Data</a>, Dave Farber, <cite>Washington Post</cite>, " "November 4, 1996." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20151113122141/http://public-domain.org/\">Union " "for the Public Domain</a>—an organization which aims to resist and " "reverse the overextension of copyright and patent powers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This article appeared in the February 1997 issue of <cite>Communications of " "the ACM</cite> (Volume 40, Number 2)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This essay is published in <a " "href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\"><cite>Free " "Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard " "M. Stallman</cite></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2021 Richard " "Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/right-to-read.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: right-to-read.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-08-28 13:56+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "The Right to Read - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "The Right to Read" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of articles about the " "antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa Lenz " "asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless she could " "borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There was no one she " "dared ask, except Dan." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent her his " "computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that you could go " "to prison for many years for letting someone else read your books, the very " "idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had been taught since " "elementary school that sharing books was nasty and wrong—something " "that only pirates would do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software Protection " "Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software class, Dan had " "learned that each book had a copyright monitor that reported when and where " "it was read, and by whom, to Central Licensing. (They used this information " "to catch reading pirates, but also to sell personal interest profiles to " "retailers.) The next time his computer was networked, Central Licensing " "would find out. He, as computer owner, would receive the harshest " "punishment—for not taking pains to prevent the crime." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She might " "want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she came from a " "middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition, let alone her " "reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way she could graduate. " "He understood this situation; he himself had had to borrow to pay for all " "the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those fees went to the " "researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for an academic career, he " "could hope that his own research papers, if frequently referenced, would " "bring in enough to repay this loan.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the " "library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to pay. " "There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages without " "government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial and nonprofit " "journal publishers had begun charging fees for access. By 2047, libraries " "offering free public access to scholarly literature were a dim memory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central Licensing. " "They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in software, Frank " "Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool, and used it to skip " "over the copyright monitor code when reading books. But he had told too " "many friends about it, and one of them turned him in to the SPA for a reward " "(students deep in debt were easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank " "was in prison, not for pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have debugging " "tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD or downloadable " "over the net. But ordinary users started using them to bypass copyright " "monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this had become their principal " "use in actual practice. This meant they were illegal; the debuggers' " "developers were sent to prison." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger vendors in " "2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to officially licensed and " "bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in software class was kept behind " "a special firewall so that it could be used only for class exercises." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a " "modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free " "kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around the " "turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like " "debuggers—you could not install one if you had one, without knowing " "your computer's root password. And neither the FBI nor Microsoft Support " "would tell you that." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he " "couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to speak " "with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask for help, " "that could mean she loved him too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more unthinkable—he " "lent her the computer, and told her his password. This way, if Lissa read " "his books, Central Licensing would think he was reading them. It was still " "a crime, but the SPA would not automatically find out about it. They would " "only find out if Lissa reported him." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his own " "password, it would be curtains for both of them as students, regardless of " "what she had used it for. School policy was that any interference with " "their means of monitoring students' computer use was grounds for " "disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did anything " "harmful—the offense was making it hard for the administrators to check " "on you. They assumed this meant you were doing something else forbidden, " "and they did not need to know what it was." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly. Instead " "they were banned from the school computer systems, and would inevitably fail " "all their classes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started only in " "the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began using computers. " "Previously, universities maintained a different approach to student " "discipline; they punished activities that were harmful, not those that " "merely raised suspicion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to their " "marriage, and also led them to question what they had been taught about " "piracy as children. The couple began reading about the history of " "copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on copying, and even " "the original United States Constitution. They moved to Luna, where they " "found others who had likewise gravitated away from the long arm of the SPA. " "When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the universal right to read soon " "became one of its central aims." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "<a href=\"https://www.defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html\"> Join our mailing " "list about the dangers of e-books</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><h3> msgid "Author's Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in the " "future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a repressive " "society shaped by the unjust forces that use “pirate” as " "propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that society. I have tried to " "project it forwards into something more visibly oppressive. See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy\">“Piracy”</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "Computer-enforced restrictions on lending or reading books (and other kinds " "of published works) are known as DRM, short for “Digital Restrictions " "Management.” To eliminate DRM, the Free Software Foundation has " "established the <a href=\"https://www.defectivebydesign.org/\">Defective by " "Design</a> campaign. We ask for your support." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a separate organization not related to " "the Free Software Foundation, also campaigns against DRM." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "The following note has been updated several times since the first " "publication of the story." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The battle for the right to read is already being fought. Although it may " "take 50 years for our past freedoms to fade into obscurity, most of the " "specific repressive laws and practices described above have already been " "proposed; some have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In the " "US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) gave explicit " "government backing to the computer-enforced restrictions known as DRM, by " "making the distribution of programs that can break DRM a crime. The " "European Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright directive, " "in a form not quite as strong." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The US campaigns to impose such rules on the rest of the world through " "so-called “free trade” treaties. <a " "href=\"https://stallman.org/business-supremacy-treaties.html\"> " "Business-supremacy treaties</a> is a more fitting term for them, since they " "are designed to give business dominion over nominally democratic states. " "The DMCA's policy of criminalizing programs that break DRM is one of many " "unjust policies that these treaties impose across a wide range of fields." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The US has imposed DMCA requirements on Australia, Panama, Colombia and " "South Korea through bilateral agreements, and on countries such as Costa " "Rica through another treaty, CAFTA. Obama has escalated the campaign with " "two new proposed treaties, the TPP and the TTIP. The TPP would impose the " "DMCA, along with many other wrongs, on 12 countries on the Pacific Ocean. " "The TTIP would impose similar strictures on Europe. All these treaties must " "be defeated, or abolished." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "Even the World Wide Web Consortium has fallen under the shadow of the " "copyright industry; it is on the verge of approving a DRM system as an " "official part of the web specifications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><div><p> msgid "" "Nonfree software tends to have <a href=\"/proprietary/\">abusive features of " "many kinds</a>, which lead to the conclusion that <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">you can never " "trust a nonfree program</a>. We must insist on free (libre) software only, " "and reject nonfree programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "With Windows Vista, Microsoft admitted it had built in a back door: " "Microsoft can use it to forcibly install software “upgrades,” " "even if users consider them rather to be downgrades. It can also order all " "machines running Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main " "purpose of Vista's clampdown on users was to impose DRM that users can't " "overcome. Of course, Windows 10 is no better." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002. This " "is the idea that the FBI and Microsoft will keep the root passwords for your " "personal computers, and not let you have them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The proponents of this scheme gave early versions names such as " "“trusted computing” and “Palladium,” but as " "ultimately put into use, it is called “secure boot.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional sense; no " "person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a signature and " "encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored in your computer. " "This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web sites that cooperate with " "Microsoft, the ultimate control over what the user can do on per own " "computer. Microsoft is likely to use that control on behalf of the FBI when " "asked: it already <a href=\"/proprietary/malware-microsoft.html\">shows the " "NSA security bugs in Windows</a> to exploit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "Secure boot can be implemented in a way that permits the user to specify the " "signature key and decide what software to sign. In practice, PCs designed " "for Windows 10 carry only Microsoft's key, and whether the machine's owner " "can install any other system (such as GNU/Linux) is under Microsoft's " "control. We call this <em>restricted boot</em>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "In 1997, when this story was first published, the SPA was threatening small " "Internet service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all " "users. Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they could not afford " "to fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, " "California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped " "the suit, but the DMCA gave it the power it sought." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has been " "replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. The BSA " "is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like one. " "Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people " "to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in " "Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software " "would be raped in prison." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "The university security policies described above are not imaginary. For " "example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this message " "upon login:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><blockquote><p> msgid "" "This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using this " "computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority are " "subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and recorded " "by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals improperly " "using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the activities of " "authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this system expressly " "consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such monitoring reveals " "possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of University regulations " "system personnel may provide the evidence of such monitoring to University " "authorities and/or law enforcement officials." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><div><p> msgid "" "This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most " "everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><h3> msgid "Bad News" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "The battle for the right to read is going against us so far. The enemy is " "organized, and we are not." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><p> msgid "" "Today's commercial e-books <a " "href=\"/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html\"> abolish readers' traditional " "freedoms</a>. Amazon's e-book reader product, which I call the “<a " "href=\"/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html\">Amazon Swindle</a>” " "because it's designed to swindle readers out of the traditional freedoms of " "readers of books, is run by software with several demonstrated <a " "href=\"/proprietary/malware-kindle-swindle.html\">Orwellian " "functionalities</a>. Any one of them calls for rejecting the product " "completely:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "It spies on everything the user does: it reports which book the user is " "reading, and which page, and it reports when the user highlights text, and " "any notes the user enters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><ul><li><p> msgid "It has DRM, which is intended to block users from sharing copies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "It has a back door with which Amazon can remotely erase any book. In 2009, " "it erased thousands of copies of 1984, by George Orwell." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "In case all that isn't Orwellian enough, there is a universal back door with " "which Amazon can remotely change the software, and introduce any other form " "of nastiness." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><p> msgid "" "Amazon's e-book distribution is oppressive, too. It identifies the user and " "records what books the user obtains. It also requires users to agree to an " "antisocial contract that they won't share copies with others. My conscience " "tells me that, if I had agreed to such a contract, the lesser evil would be " "to defy it and share copies anyway; however, to be entirely good, I should " "not agree to it in the first place. Therefore, I refuse to agree to such " "contracts, whether for software, for e-books, for music, or for anything " "else." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><div><p> msgid "" "If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need to " "organize and fight. Subscribe to the FSF's <a " "href=\"https://www.defectivebydesign.org/\"> Defective by Design</a> " "campaign to lend a hand. You can <a " "href=\"https://www.fsf.org/associate\">join the FSF</a> to support our work " "more generally. There is also a <a href=\"/help/help.html\">list of ways to " "participate in our work</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "References" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "The administration's “White Paper”: Information Infrastructure " "Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a " "href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">sic</a>] and the National Information " "Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property " "[sic] Rights (1995)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"https://www.wired.com/1996/01/white-paper/\">An explanation of the " "White Paper: The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson, <cite>Wired</cite>, " "January 1st, 1996." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"https://law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm\">Sold Out</a>, James " "Boyle, <cite>New York Times</cite>, March 31, 1996." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130508120533/http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html\">Public " "Data or Private Data</a>, Dave Farber, <cite>Washington Post</cite>, " "November 4, 1996." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20151113122141/http://public-domain.org/\">Union " "for the Public Domain</a>—an organization which aims to resist and " "reverse the overextension of copyright and patent powers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This article appeared in the February 1997 issue of <cite>Communications of " "the ACM</cite> (Volume 40, Number 2)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This essay is published in <a " "href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\"><cite>Free " "Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard " "M. Stallman</cite></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2021 Richard " "Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""