# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/third-party-ideas.html
# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: third-party-ideas.html\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-12-21 10:55+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "Third Party Ideas - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h2>
msgid "Third Party Ideas"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
"These articles give other people's philosophical opinions in support of free "
"software, or related issues, and don't speak for the GNU Project&mdash;but "
"we more or less agree with them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
"Many of the <a href=\"/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations\">Organizations "
"that Work for Freedom in Computer Development and Electronic "
"Communications</a> also have philosophical opinions in support of free "
"software, or related issues."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><h3>
msgid "Table of Contents"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#extension\">Extending the Free Software Idea to Other Areas</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#upholding\">Upholding Software Freedom</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#licensing\">Licensing Free Software</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#laws\">Legal Issues</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#patents\">Patents</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#copyright\">Copyright</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"#noip\">The propaganda term &ldquo;Intellectual "
"Property&rdquo;</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#sco\">Response to SCO's attacks</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#cultural\">Cultural and Social Issues</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#general\">General</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#society\">Digital society</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#access\">Accessing culture</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#funding\">Funding cultural works</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"#drm\">Digital restrictions management and treacherous "
"computing</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#evils\">Surveillance, censorship, lock-in, etc.</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"#humor\">Philosophical Humor</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
msgid "Extending the Free Software Idea to Other Areas"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. *[2004]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://blog.jimmywales.com/index.php/archives/2004/10/21/free-knowledge-requires-free-software-and-free-file-formats/\"> "
"Free Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats</a> (by Jimmy "
"Wales)  &mdash; This paper also explains why <a "
"href=\"http://www.wikipedia.org\">Wikipedia</a> needs to be free software."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2010]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://simplemachines.it/index.php/historical-projects/sim-one\"> "
"Sim.One hardware project</a> &mdash; This project of SimpleMachines has "
"created free (as in freedom)  computer design specifications."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2007]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/why-audio-format-matters.html\"> Why Audio Format "
"matters</a> (by Karl Fogel)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2001-2004]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20191221223329/http://www.piecepack.org/\">Piecepack</a> "
"&mdash; A set of boardgame pieces which everyone is free to use in creating "
"or playing various types of games."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1997]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.html\"> Applying Copyleft To "
"Non-Software Information</a> (by Michael Stutz)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1994]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html\"> The Free Music "
"Philosophy</a> (by Ram Samudrala)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1974]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/ETC3140\"> Tom Swift Lives!</a> (by "
"Lee Felsenstein)  &mdash; The author designed a simple, easily repairable "
"computer terminal.  With this &ldquo;Tom Swift Terminal,&rdquo; he tried to "
"counteract the growing control over users that computer hardware "
"manufacturers were gaining in the '70s. This practical goal is in line with "
"the goals of free software, but the philosophy behind it (developed in Ivan "
"Illich's <cite>Tools for Conviviality</cite>, Harper and Row, 1973) only has "
"a very partial convergence with the free software idea."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
msgid "Upholding Software Freedom"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2005]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"Penguin in the Pew (by Donald Parris), published by Lulu.com, ISBN "
"978-1-4116-3012-3 &mdash; Free software from a Christian perspective. An old "
"version of the book is available as a <a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060822161207/http://textbookrevolution.org/files/pitp.pdf\"> "
"PDF</a>."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2005]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/8733c45a525ebcede867a9fb282398ca_lakhaniwolf.pdf\"> "
"Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in "
"Free/Open Source Software Projects</a> (by Karim R. Lakhani and Robert "
"G. Wolf)  &mdash; A research paper on the motivation of free software "
"developers, which says that a considerable fraction are motivated by the "
"view that software should be free.  This was despite the fact that they "
"surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site that does not support the "
"view that this is an ethical issue."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2004]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7813\">Bit Prepared II: "
"Richard Stallman Meets the World Scout Bureau</a> (by Marco Fioretti)  "
"&mdash; A discussion between Marco Fioretti, Ray Saunders and Richard "
"Stallman about the similarities between the ideals of scouting and free "
"software, and ways to uphold free software in scouting."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2002]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.fsfla.org/~lxoliva/papers/free-software/selection-html/\"> "
"Competitive Advantages of Free Software</a> (by Alexandre Oliva)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2002]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20030904102640/http://proposicion.org.ar/doc/gob/Conde-281102/index.html.en\"> "
"Senator Alberto Conde's answer to CESSI</a> (translated from Spanish)  "
"&mdash; The <abbr title=\"Chamber of Software and Information Technology "
"Services\"> CESSI</abbr> had raised objections to <a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20030204005052/http://www.proposicion.org.ar/proyecto/leyes/E-135.02-03/\"> "
"Bill E-135/02-03</a> (submitted by Senator Alberto Conde himself), which "
"proposed the use of free software in the public sector for the province of "
"Buenos Aires."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2002]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20030207075039/http://www.pimientolinux.com/peru2ms/villanueva_to_ms.html\"> "
"Letter of Peruvian Congressman Dr. Edgar David Villanueva Nu&ntilde;ez to a "
"Microsoft manager</a> &mdash; The Microsoft official had criticized the "
"country's pending Free Software in Public Administration bill. This letter "
"(translated from Spanish) does an excellent job of allaying concerns about "
"free software often raised by Microsoft and others."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1999]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20010410172314/http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html\"> "
"The GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social "
"Movement</a> (by Michelle Bejian)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1999]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/software-libre-commercial-viability.html\"> Software "
"Libre and Commercial Viability</a> (by Alessandro Rubini)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1997]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/free-world.html\"> Only the Free World Can Stand Up to "
"Microsoft</a> (by Tom Hull)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1960]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/367177.367178\"> Letter to the "
"editor of the Communications of the ACM [vol.3, no.4, pp.A12-A13]</a> (by "
"Bernard Galler)  &mdash; As early as 1960, the author says in part "
"(mentioning price, but clearly implying freedom):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><blockquote><p>
msgid ""
"<i>&hellip; it is clear that what is being charged for is the development of "
"the program, and while I am particularly unhappy that it comes from a "
"university, I believe it is damaging to the whole profession. There isn't a "
"704 installation that hasn't directly benefited from the free exchange of "
"programs made possible by the distribution facilities of SHARE.  If we start "
"to sell our programs, this will set very undesirable precedents.</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid "<small>(Thanks to Nelson Beebe for the reference.)</small>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
msgid "Licensing Free Software"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2008]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/vaccination.html\"> Viral Code and Vaccination</a> (by "
"Robert J. Chassell)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2006]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Comparative-Ethical-Assessment-of-Free-Software-Chopra-Dexter/e85cbde10ed21ad05698a857f5018cb135c230c2\"> "
"A Comparative Ethical Assessment of Free Software Licensing Schemes</a> (by "
"Samir Chopra and Scott Dexter)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2001]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20010618050431/itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/pfindex.html\"> "
"Live and let license</a> (by Joe Barr)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2001]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20030803114409/http://perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html\"> "
"Free Software Leaders Stand Together</a> &mdash; A joint statement, cosigned "
"by Richard Stallman, responding to comments on the GPL by Craig Mundie, of "
"Microsoft."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2000]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a id=\"PatentgrantundertheGPL\" "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170628063222/http://www.advogato.org/article/89.html\"> "
"GPL patent grant for 19 patents</a> (by Raph Levien)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
msgid "Legal Issues"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "Patents"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1999-2013]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20231120191825/http://www.freeprotocols.org/\"> "
"The Free Protocols Foundation</a> &mdash; An independent public forum "
"(archived), dedicated to the support of patent-free protocols."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2004]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.juergen-ernst.de/info_swpat_en.html\"> Software patents "
"under the magnifying glass</a> (by Ernst Juergen)  &mdash; In this article, "
"the author uses arguments based on lambda calculus to show why software "
"cannot be patented."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2004]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/patent-practice-panel.html\"> New Developments in "
"Patent Practice: Assessing the Risks and Cost of Portfolio Licensing and "
"Hold-ups</a> (by Daniel B. Ravicher, executive director of the Public Patent "
"Foundation)  &mdash; Transcript of a panel presentation given on Wednesday, "
"November 10, 2004, at a conference organized by the Foundation for a Free "
"Information Infrastructure (FFII) in Brussels, Belgium."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
msgid ""
"<em>Note:</em>&nbsp; The GNU Project disagrees with the article's assumption "
"that nonfree programs are morally legitimate competitors."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2001-2004]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://fare.tunes.org/articles/patents.html\"> Patents Are an "
"Economic Absurdity</a> (by Far&eacute;)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
msgid ""
"<em>Note:</em>&nbsp; This article adopts as a premise the popular view that "
"free trade is desirable. We don't always agree&mdash;beyond a certain point; "
"free trade gives businesses too much power, allowing them to intimidate "
"democracy. But that is a different matter."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2001]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html\"> Patent Reform Now!</a> (by Don "
"Marti)  &mdash; A call on free software supporters to nominate Richard "
"M. Stallman to the US Patent and Trademark Office's Patent Public Advisory "
"Committee."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "Copyright"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2005&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20240822132449/https://questioncopyright.org/\"> "
"QuestionCopyright.org</a> &mdash; A website about the history and effects of "
"copyright, dedicated to raising awareness of the harmful consequences of "
"today's copyright system."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value="<span class='date-tag'>
#. [2017&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>"
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://lumendatabase.org/\"> The Lumen database</a> (formerly "
"Chilling Effects)  &mdash; A collection point for cease and desist notices "
"concerning online activity&mdash;we invite visitors to enter C&amp;Ds they "
"have received or sent.  The website collects the C&amp;Ds in a searchable "
"database and hyperlinks them to explanations of the legal issues."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2008]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.cato-unbound.org/2008/06/09/rasmus-fleischer/the-future-of-copyright/\"> "
"The Future of Copyright</a> (by Rasmus Fleischer)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2002]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/progress.html\"> "
"What is Congress Supposed to Promote?</a> (by Malla Pollack)  &mdash; This "
"article explains how the United States government's recent tendencies to "
"provide maximum control to copyright holders defies the justification for "
"establishment of copyright set out in the constitution."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2001]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267848#PaperDownload\">Locating "
"Copyright Within the First Amendment Skein</a> (by Neil W. Netanel)  &mdash; "
"The author argues that the United States court system has been wrong in its "
"dated assumption that fair use eliminates the conflict between copyright law "
"and the First Amendment."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2001]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/28/0121209&amp;mode=nocomment\"> "
"A book review of <cite>Digital Copyright</cite></a>"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2000, 2017]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/maize/mpub9798641\"> Digital "
"Copyright</a> (by Jessica Littman), published by the University of Michigan "
"Library"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1999]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130509191813/http://www.maui.net/%7Ezen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html\"> "
"The Manifesto: Piracy is Your Friend</a> (by Jaron Lanier)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
msgid ""
"<em>Note:</em>&nbsp; The GNU Project recommends <a "
"href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy\">avoiding the term piracy</a> "
"since it implies that sharing copies is somehow illegitimate."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1999]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://old.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/anarchism.html\"> Anarchism "
"Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright</a> (by Eben Moglen)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2000]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.compilerpress.ca/Cultural%20Economics/Works/CPU%202000.htm\"> "
"Copyright C.P.U.</a> (by Harry Hillman Chartrand)  &mdash; This is a good "
"summary of the history of copyright."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2000]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a id=\"ConceptofCopyrightFightsMarkoff\" "
"href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/05/biztech/articles/10digital.html\"> "
"The Concept of Copyright Fights for Internet Survival</a> (by John Markoff)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2000]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a id=\"TheRealPurposeOfCopyrightBerry\" "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150331194505/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2000/07/copyright/the-real-purpose-of-copyright/\"> "
"The Real Purpose of Copyright</a> (by John N. Berry III)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2000]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://www.lewrockwell.com/2000/09/stephan-kinsella/in-defense-of-napster-and-against-the-second-homesteading-rule/\"> "
"In Defense of Napster and Against the Second Homesteading Rule</a> (by Lew "
"Rockwell)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1841]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2170/2170-h/2170-h.htm#2H_4_0018\"> "
"Speech by British historian Thomas Macaulay</a> &mdash; He had ideas about "
"copyright in 1841 which still hold true today."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "The propaganda term &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"The GNU Project <a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">rejects</a> the term "
"&ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; for spreading confusion; we urge "
"everyone to reject it entirely."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2003]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://reason.com/2003/03/01/creation-myths-2/\"> Creation Myths: "
"Does innovation require intellectual property rights?</a> (by Douglas "
"Clement)  &mdash; Some economists argue that copyright and patents fail to "
"promote the progress that they supposedly exist to promote."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
msgid ""
"<em>Note:</em>&nbsp; This article takes a narrowly economic view of its "
"subject, measuring social alternatives only by what goods are available for "
"what price, assuming that you the citizen are a mere consumer and place no "
"value on your freedom in itself.  It also uses the misleading term &ldquo;<a "
"href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty\">intellectual "
"property</a>,&rdquo; which is misleading because it lumps copyrights and "
"patents together.  The article also lumps them together, which it can get "
"away with because it ignores the (different) social issues that copyrights "
"and patents raise."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
msgid ""
"Despite those flaws, it is significant. If one can judge copyright to be "
"harmful even on narrow economic terms, disregarding the ethical wrong of "
"stopping people from sharing, it can only be even more harmful when we "
"consider the ethics as well."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2001]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/howard/Papers/pw-public-spaces.html\"> "
"Intellectual Property: The Attack on Public Space in Cyberspace</a> (by "
"Howard Besser)  &mdash; This article describes how various industries are "
"using their leverage with copyright to make fewer locations on the Internet "
"less and less public."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2001]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/15_2/15_2_1.pdf\"> Against "
"Intellectual Property</a> (by Stephan Kinsella)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1995]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20231202063805/http://freenation.org/a/f31l1.html\"> "
"The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights</a> (by Roderick "
"T. Long)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
msgid ""
"<em>Note:</em>&nbsp; The Free Software Movement does not endorse "
"Libertarianism, and <a href=\"/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html\"> "
"we do not agree entirely</a> with that article.  But it is useful for "
"refuting one specific argument that is made in favor of proprietary "
"software."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1994]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html\"> "
"A primer on the ethics of &ldquo;Intellectual property&rdquo;</a> (by Ram "
"Samudrala)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "Response to SCO's attacks"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2003]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807055230/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1010603/groklaw-sends-dear-darl-letter\"> "
"Groklaw sends a Dear Darl letter</a> (by Egan Orion)  &mdash; A group from "
"the free software and open source community has put together a response to "
"SCO CEO Darl McBride's Open Letter to the Open Source Community."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2003]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6913\"> &ldquo;Hey SCO, Sue "
"Me&rdquo;: What's Next?</a> (by Taran Rampersad)  &mdash; In the last "
"available public communication about the SCO Sue Me Petition, its author "
"(John Everitt) urged people to help the <a "
"href=\"https://www.fsf.org\">FSF</a> in any way possible. He was expecting "
"only several responses, but instead he had thousands of participants."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
msgid "Cultural and Social Issues"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "General"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2008]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/tblee/trouble-free-riding\"> The "
"Trouble with &ldquo;Free Riding&rdquo;</a> (by Timothy B. Lee)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1999]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/economics_frank/frank.html\"> Does Studying Economics "
"Inhibit Cooperation?</a> (by Robert H. Frank, Thomas Gilovich, and Dennis "
"T. Regan)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1998]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/self-interest.html\"> Is self-interest sufficient to "
"organize a free economy?</a> (by Loyd Fueston)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "Digital society"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2008]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://pedro.jmrezende.com.br/trabs/Stockholm.pdf\"> The Digital "
"Stockholm Syndrome</a> (by Pedro Rezende)  &mdash; Reflections over some "
"psychological responses to market forces."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2002]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html\"> Introduction by Lawrence "
"Lessig</a> to <a "
"href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition\"> "
"<cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard "
"M. Stallman</cite></a>"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1999]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130409233705/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~digger/596/werry_comm.pdf\"> "
"Imagined Electronic Community: Representations of Virtual Community in "
"Contemporary Business Discourse</a> (by Chris Werry)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1999]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://danny.oz.au/freedom/ip/aidfs.html\"> Development, Ethical "
"Trading, and Free Software</a> (by Danny Yee)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1999?]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/kragen-software.html\"> People, places, things and "
"ideas</a> (by Kragen Sitaker)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1996]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.html\"> Shaping Collaborative ICT "
"Development and Initiatives for Global Prosperity</a> (by Robert "
"J. Chassell)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "Accessing culture"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2003]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://law.duke.edu/pd/papers/boyle.pdf\"> The Second Enclosure "
"Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain</a> (by James Boyle)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2000-2003]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery/\"> Gallery of CSS "
"Descramblers</a> (by D.S. Touretzky)  &mdash; Examples demonstrating how "
"outrageous and absurd the Digital Millennium Copyright Act is."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2002]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20020222080928/www.byte.com/documents/s=2302/byt1011380870846/\"> "
"Coding is a Crime</a> (by Shannon Cochran)  &mdash; A commentary on the "
"indictment of Jon Johansen on felony charges for helping write DeCSS."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2002]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090502161838/http://www.openrevolt.org/\"> "
"openrevolt.org</a> &mdash; This site was devoted to providing information "
"about the European Copyright Directive and similar legislation.  It "
"concentrated on the two principal problems of the EUCD, which make it easier "
"for copyright holders to censor webpages on ISPs and give legal protection "
"to copy-protection measures."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1998]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/98il/\"> Information liberation</a> (by "
"Brian Martin), published by Freedom Press"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
msgid ""
"<em>Note:</em>&nbsp; We urge people to avoid using the term <a "
"href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html\">intellectual property</a>, and to "
"instead speak about copyrights, patents, and/or trademarks."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1998]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/19991012082619/http://simson.net/clips/98.Globe.05-07.Read_them_and_weep.htm\"> "
"Read Them and Weep</a> (by Simson Garfinkel)  &mdash; This article talks "
"about the pending bills that would give information owners sweeping new "
"powers, and restrict the activities of users."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "Funding cultural works"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1993]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://genius.com/Steve-albini-the-problem-with-music-annotated\"> "
"The Problem With Music</a> (by Steve Albini)  &mdash; Record companies argue "
"for more copyright power by saying they are the support of musicians. This "
"article shows how they really treat musicians."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "Digital restrictions management and treacherous computing"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2022]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/you-the-problem-tpm2-solves.html\"> You, the Problem "
"TPM2 Solves</a> (by Chao-Kuei Hung)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2006]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://www.informationweek.com/it-life/how-vista-lets-microsoft-lock-users-in\"> "
"How Vista Lets Microsoft Lock Users In</a> (by Cory Doctorow)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
msgid ""
"<em>Note:</em>&nbsp; We think it is a mistake to use the enemy's "
"favorable-sounding propaganda terms such as &ldquo;trusted computing&rdquo; "
"to describe a malicious plan."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2006]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060313152550/http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/editorials/4788/1/\"> "
"<cite>Hardware Central</cite> editorial</a> (by Eric Grevstad)  &mdash; "
"Among other things, it discusses Microsoft's &ldquo;Trusted "
"Computing.&rdquo;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
msgid ""
"<em>Note:</em>&nbsp; We disagree with one aspect of this article's "
"conclusion: it's not legitimate for Microsoft to help Disney and the RIAA "
"impose Digital Restrictions Management on you, any more than it is "
"legitimate for Disney and the RIAA to try it.  The full power of computing "
"should be available to you, not just to the owners of information."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "Surveillance, censorship, lock-in, etc."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2006]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/\"> Free gadgets need free "
"software</a> (by Jonathan Corbet)  &mdash; An editorial reporting a firmware "
"&ldquo;upgrade&rdquo; that removes the ability to record radio broadcasts."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2006]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://lwn.net/Articles/194701/\"> A couple of lessons on the "
"hazards of proprietary software</a> (by Jonathan Corbet)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2006]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://southflorida.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2006/07/03/story8.html\"> "
"Multiple doctors cut off from records by Dr. Notes</a> (by Brian Bandell)  "
"&mdash; An example of how proprietary software gives the developers unjust "
"power over the users."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2000]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064842/http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html\"> "
"GNU/Linux discrimination at UCLA</a> (by Dan Helfman)  &mdash; One part of "
"their justification is supporting the power of software owners."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [1999]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723003646/http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/2/2898/1.html\"> "
"Only NSA can listen, so that's OK</a>, and <a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20230407145549/https://www.telepolis.de/features/How-NSA-access-was-built-into-Windows-3444341.html\"> "
"How NSA access was built into Windows</a> (both by Duncan Campbell)  &mdash; "
"These articles describe how NSA backdoors were hidden in proprietary "
"software programs.  Both are clear demonstrations of how users of "
"proprietary software can often be unaware of what they are actually running."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
msgid "Philosophical Humor"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2011]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://maxbarry.com/2011/03/23/news.html\"> Tomato parable</a> "
"(by Max Barry)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2009]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190924041236/http://www.gianoziaorientale.org/info/foreign_politics.html\"> "
"Eastern Gianozia</a> &mdash; A tongue-in-cheek look at software patents and "
"DRM."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2001]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20211118053107/http://wearcam.org/seatsale/index.htm\"> "
"Seat Sale</a> (by Steve Mann)  &mdash; A satire about copyright."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2000]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/bdk.html\"> The Ballad of Dennis Karjala</a> (by "
"Timothy R. Phillips)  &mdash; A political comment in the form of a broadside "
"ballad."
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2000]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a id=\"Copyrightfire\" href=\"/philosophy/fire.html\"> Copyrighting "
"Fire!</a> (by Ian Clarke)"
msgstr ""

#. #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag">
#. [2000]</span>'
#.   
#. #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' 
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"<a id=\"INFOTECH\" "
"href=\"http://www.praxagora.com/andyo/professional/infirmation_technology.html\"> "
"The Future Brings &ldquo;Infirmation Technology&rdquo;</a> (by Andy Oram)"
msgstr ""

#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
"Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a "
"href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.  There are also <a "
"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  Broken links and "
"other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a "
"href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>."
msgstr ""

#.  TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
#.         replace it with the translation of these two:
#
#.         We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
#.         translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
#.         Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
#.         to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
#
#.         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
#
#.         <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
#.         our web pages, see <a
#.         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">
#.   Translations
#.         README</a>. 
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\"> "
"Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing "
"translations of this article."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Copyright &copy; 1996-2009, 2015, 2022, 2023, 2024 Free Software Foundation, "
"Inc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons "
"Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
msgstr ""

#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
msgstr ""

#.  timestamp start 
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr ""