msgid "" "When Free Software Depends on Nonfree - GNU Project - Free Software " "Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "When Free Software Depends on Nonfree" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When a program is free software (free as in freedom), that means it gives " "users <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">the four freedoms</a>, so that " "they control what the program does. In most cases, that is sufficient for " "the program's distribution to be ethical; but not always. There are " "additional problems that can arise in specific circumstances. This article " "describes a subtle problem, where upgrading the free program requires using " "a nonfree program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If the free program's use depends unavoidably on another program which is " "nonfree, we say that the free program is “trapped.” Its code is " "free software, and you may be able to copy pieces of its code into other " "free programs with good, ethical results. But you shouldn't <em>run</em> the " "trapped program, because that entails surrendering your freedom to the other " "nonfree program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Someone who upholds the principles of free software would not knowingly make " "a program that is trapped. However, many free programs are developed by " "people or companies that don't particularly support these principles, or " "don't understand the problem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Dependence on a nonfree program can take various forms. The most basic form " "is when the programming language used has no free implementation. The first " "programs I wrote for the GNU system in the 1980s, including GNU Emacs, GDB " "and GNU Make, had to be compiled with AT&T's nonfree C compiler, because " "there was no free C compiler until I wrote GCC. Fortunately, this kind of " "problem is mostly a thing of the past; we now have free compilers and " "platforms for just about all the languages anyone uses for writing free " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We can release the program from this kind of trap by translating it to " "another language, or by releasing a free implementation of the language it's " "written in. Thus, when a full free Java implementation became available, " "that released all the free Java programs from the <a " "href=\"/philosophy/java-trap.html\">Java Trap</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This kind of dependence is conceptually simple because it stems from the " "situation at one given instant in time. At time T, free program P won't run " "without nonfree programming platform Q. To borrow a term from linguistics, " "this relationship is “synchronic.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "More recently, we have seen another kind of dependence in database programs, " "where you can build and run any given version of the program in the free " "world, but upgrading from version N to version N+1 requires a nonfree " "program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This happens because the internal format of the database changes from " "version N to version N+1. If you have been seriously using version N, you " "probably have a large existing database in the version N format. To upgrade " "to version N+1 of the database software, you need to reformat that database." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If the way you are supposed to do this is by running a proprietary database " "reformat program, or using the developer's service which is SaaSS (<a " "href=\"/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html\">Service as a " "Software Substitute</a>), the database software is trapped—but in a " "more subtle way. Any single version of the database program can be used " "without nonfree software or SaaSS. The problem arises when you try to keep " "using the program for the long term, which entails upgrading it from time to " "time; you can't use it this way without some nonfree software or " "equivalent. This database program is trapped across time—we could call " "it “diachronically trapped,” borrowing another term from " "linguistics." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example, the program OpenERP (since renamed “Odoo”), though " "free, is diachronically trapped. <a href=\"/software/health/\">GNU " "Health</a>, our free package for running a medical clinic, initially used " "OpenERP. In 2011, GNU Health developer Luis Falcón discovered that upgrading " "to the next version of OpenERP required sending the database (full of " "patients' medical data) to OpenERP's server for reformatting. This is SaaSS: " "it requires the user of GNU Health (a clinic) to entrust its own computing " "and its data to the company developer of OpenERP. Rather than bow down, " "Falcón rewrote GNU Health to use <a " "href=\"https://www.tryton.org\">Tryton</a> instead." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Using SaaSS is inherently equivalent to running a proprietary program with " "snooping functionality and a universal back door. The service could keep a " "copy of the databases that users reformat. Even if we can trust the company " "that runs the service never to intentionally show any form of the data to " "anyone, we can't be sure that it won't be accessed by <a " "href=\"/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html\">the intelligence " "agencies of various countries</a> or security-breaking crackers (<a " "href=\"https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html\">please don't call " "them “hackers”</a>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When a program is diachronically trapped, releasing it from the trap " "requires more than a one-time job of programming. Rather, the job has to be " "done continually, each time there is a change in the data format. Launching " "a project with a long-term commitment to continue doing this is not easy. It " "may be easier to pressure the company to stop trying to trap users—by " "rejecting the trapped program until it does so. Given how difficult it is to " "free the program, you had better stay away from it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It is possible to try out a diachronically trapped free program without " "nonfree software, but if you're going to do more than dabble, you must steer " "clear of really using it. Both businesses and individuals will find fine " "free alternatives that don't have such a problem; all it takes to avoid the " "trap is to recognize it." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2016, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: when-free-depends-on-nonfree.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-09-05 10:26+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "When Free Software Depends on Nonfree - GNU Project - Free Software " "Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "When Free Software Depends on Nonfree" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When a program is free software (free as in freedom), that means it gives " "users <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">the four freedoms</a>, so that " "they control what the program does. In most cases, that is sufficient for " "the program's distribution to be ethical; but not always. There are " "additional problems that can arise in specific circumstances. This article " "describes a subtle problem, where upgrading the free program requires using " "a nonfree program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If the free program's use depends unavoidably on another program which is " "nonfree, we say that the free program is “trapped.” Its code is " "free software, and you may be able to copy pieces of its code into other " "free programs with good, ethical results. But you shouldn't <em>run</em> the " "trapped program, because that entails surrendering your freedom to the other " "nonfree program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Someone who upholds the principles of free software would not knowingly make " "a program that is trapped. However, many free programs are developed by " "people or companies that don't particularly support these principles, or " "don't understand the problem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Dependence on a nonfree program can take various forms. The most basic form " "is when the programming language used has no free implementation. The first " "programs I wrote for the GNU system in the 1980s, including GNU Emacs, GDB " "and GNU Make, had to be compiled with AT&T's nonfree C compiler, because " "there was no free C compiler until I wrote GCC. Fortunately, this kind of " "problem is mostly a thing of the past; we now have free compilers and " "platforms for just about all the languages anyone uses for writing free " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We can release the program from this kind of trap by translating it to " "another language, or by releasing a free implementation of the language it's " "written in. Thus, when a full free Java implementation became available, " "that released all the free Java programs from the <a " "href=\"/philosophy/java-trap.html\">Java Trap</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This kind of dependence is conceptually simple because it stems from the " "situation at one given instant in time. At time T, free program P won't run " "without nonfree programming platform Q. To borrow a term from linguistics, " "this relationship is “synchronic.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "More recently, we have seen another kind of dependence in database programs, " "where you can build and run any given version of the program in the free " "world, but upgrading from version N to version N+1 requires a nonfree " "program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This happens because the internal format of the database changes from " "version N to version N+1. If you have been seriously using version N, you " "probably have a large existing database in the version N format. To upgrade " "to version N+1 of the database software, you need to reformat that database." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If the way you are supposed to do this is by running a proprietary database " "reformat program, or using the developer's service which is SaaSS (<a " "href=\"/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html\">Service as a " "Software Substitute</a>), the database software is trapped—but in a " "more subtle way. Any single version of the database program can be used " "without nonfree software or SaaSS. The problem arises when you try to keep " "using the program for the long term, which entails upgrading it from time to " "time; you can't use it this way without some nonfree software or " "equivalent. This database program is trapped across time—we could call " "it “diachronically trapped,” borrowing another term from " "linguistics." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example, the program OpenERP (since renamed “Odoo”), though " "free, is diachronically trapped. <a href=\"/software/health/\">GNU " "Health</a>, our free package for running a medical clinic, initially used " "OpenERP. In 2011, GNU Health developer Luis Falcón discovered that upgrading " "to the next version of OpenERP required sending the database (full of " "patients' medical data) to OpenERP's server for reformatting. This is SaaSS: " "it requires the user of GNU Health (a clinic) to entrust its own computing " "and its data to the company developer of OpenERP. Rather than bow down, " "Falcón rewrote GNU Health to use <a " "href=\"https://www.tryton.org\">Tryton</a> instead." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Using SaaSS is inherently equivalent to running a proprietary program with " "snooping functionality and a universal back door. The service could keep a " "copy of the databases that users reformat. Even if we can trust the company " "that runs the service never to intentionally show any form of the data to " "anyone, we can't be sure that it won't be accessed by <a " "href=\"/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html\">the intelligence " "agencies of various countries</a> or security-breaking crackers (<a " "href=\"https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html\">please don't call " "them “hackers”</a>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When a program is diachronically trapped, releasing it from the trap " "requires more than a one-time job of programming. Rather, the job has to be " "done continually, each time there is a change in the data format. Launching " "a project with a long-term commitment to continue doing this is not easy. It " "may be easier to pressure the company to stop trying to trap users—by " "rejecting the trapped program until it does so. Given how difficult it is to " "free the program, you had better stay away from it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It is possible to try out a diachronically trapped free program without " "nonfree software, but if you're going to do more than dabble, you must steer " "clear of really using it. Both businesses and individuals will find fine " "free alternatives that don't have such a problem; all it takes to avoid the " "trap is to recognize it." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2016, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""