initial-announcement.html - en to fr translation catalogue (32 entries)

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en: Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
fr: Annonce initiale - Projet GNU - Free Software Foundation

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en: Initial Announcement
fr: Annonce initiale

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en: This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> on September 27, 1983.
fr: Voici l'annonce originale du projet GNU, publiée par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> le 27 septembre 1983.

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en: The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from this initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not clarified until a few years later.
fr: L'histoire du projet GNU diffère en beaucoup de points de ce plan initial. Par exemple, le début a été reporté jusqu'en janvier 1984. Plusieurs des concepts philosophiques du <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">logiciel libre</a> n'ont été clarifiés que plusieurs années après.

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en: Free Unix!
fr: Un Unix libre

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en: Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f1">[1]</a> to everyone who can use it.  Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed.
fr: À partir de Thanksgiving je vais écrire un système logiciel complet compatible avec Unix, appelé GNU (pour <i>Gnu's Not Unix</i> – Gnu N'est pas Unix), et le distribuer librement <i>[free]</i> <a class="ftn" href="#f1">[1]</a> à quiconque voudra l'utiliser. Il y a grand besoin de contributions sous forme de temps, d'argent, de programmes et d'équipement.

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en: To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker, assembler, and a few other things.  After this we will add a text formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other things.  We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including on-line and hardcopy documentation.
fr: Pour commencer, GNU comprendra un noyau ainsi que tous les utilitaires requis pour écrire et faire tourner des programmes C : éditeur, interpréteur de commandes, compilateur C, éditeur de liens, assembleur et quelques autres encore. Par la suite, nous ajouterons un formateur de texte, un YACC, un jeu Empire, un tableur et des centaines d'autres choses. À terme, nous espérons fournir tous les composants utiles venant normalement avec un système Unix, ainsi que tout autre composant utile, y compris de la documentation en ligne et imprimée.

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en: GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix.  We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience with other operating systems.  In particular, we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.  Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.  We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol, far superior to UUCP.  We may also have something compatible with UUCP.
fr: GNU sera capable de faire tourner des programmes Unix mais ne sera pas identique à Unix. Nous en améliorerons le côté pratique de toutes les manières possibles, en nous basant sur notre expérience d'autres systèmes d'exploitation. En particulier, nous avons l'intention d'implémenter des noms de fichiers plus longs, des numéros de version sur les fichiers, un système de fichiers résistant aux plantages, peut-être la terminaison automatique des noms de fichiers, l'affichage indépendant du terminal et éventuellement un système de fenêtrage basé sur le Lisp grâce auquel plusieurs programmes Lisp ou programmes Unix ordinaires pourront se partager l'écran. Le C et le Lisp seront tous les deux disponibles comme langages de programmation système. Nous aurons des logiciels réseau basés sur le protocole Chaosnet du MIT, bien supérieur à UUCP. Nous pourrions aussi avoir quelque chose de compatible avec UUCP.

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en: Who Am I?
fr: Qui suis-je ?

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en: I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT.  I have worked extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.  I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS.  In addition I have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for Lisp machines.
fr: Je suis Richard Stallman, inventeur de la version originale de l'éditeur très imité Emacs, actuellement au Labo d'Intelligence Artificielle du <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>. J'ai beaucoup travaillé sur des compilateurs, des éditeurs, des débogueurs, des interpréteurs de commandes, sur l'<i>Incompatible Timesharing System</i> (système à temps partagé incompatible) ainsi que sur le système d'exploitation de la machine Lisp. J'ai été l'un des premiers à faire un système d'affichage indépendant du terminal pour l'ITS. De plus, j'ai mis en œuvre un système de fichiers robuste et deux systèmes de fenêtrage pour machines Lisp.

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en: Why I Must Write GNU
fr: Pourquoi je dois écrire GNU

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en: I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it.  I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement.
fr: Je considère comme une règle d'or que si j'apprécie un programme je doive le partager avec d'autres personnes qui l'apprécient. Je ne peux pas en bonne conscience signer un accord de confidentialité ni un accord de licence de logiciel.

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en: So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
fr: Afin de pouvoir continuer à utiliser les ordinateurs sans violer mes principes, j'ai décidé de rassembler une quantité suffisante de logiciels libres, de manière à pouvoir m'en tirer sans aucun logiciel qui ne soit pas libre.

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en: How You Can Contribute
fr: Comment vous pouvez participer

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en: I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.  I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
fr: Je demande aux constructeurs d'ordinateurs des dons sous forme de machines et d'argent. Je demande aux gens une participation sous forme de programmes et de travail.

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en: One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.  But we could use more.  One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date.  The machine had better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require sophisticated cooling or power.
fr: Un constructeur d'ordinateurs a déjà offert de nous fournir une machine. Mais il nous en manque encore. Ce à quoi vous pouvez vous attendre si vous faites don de machines est que GNU tournera dessus dans un avenir proche. La machine devrait pouvoir fonctionner dans une zone résidentielle sans requérir d'installation électrique ni de système de refroidissement sophistiqués.

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en: Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate of some Unix utility and giving it to me.  For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the independently-written parts would not work together.  But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent.  Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility.  If each contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work with the rest of GNU.
fr: Les programmeurs individuels peuvent apporter leur contribution en écrivant des clones de certains utilitaires d'Unix et en me les donnant. Pour la plupart des projets, un tel travail distribué à temps partiel serait très difficile à coordonner ; les parties écrites indépendamment ne pourraient pas fonctionner ensemble. Mais pour la tâche particulière de remplacer Unix, ce problème n'existe pas. La plupart des spécifications d'interface sont déterminées par la compatibilité avec Unix. Si chacune des contributions peut fonctionner avec le reste d'Unix, elle a de fortes chances de fonctionner avec le reste de GNU.

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en: If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or part time.  The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money.  I view this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
fr: Si je reçois des dons en argent, je pourrai peut-être engager quelques personnes à temps complet ou à temps partiel. Le salaire ne sera pas élevé mais je recherche des gens pour qui aider l'humanité est aussi important que l'argent. Je vois cela comme un moyen de permettre aux personnes dévouées de mettre toute leur énergie à travailler sur GNU en leur épargnant le besoin de gagner leur vie d'une autre manière.

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en: For more information, contact me.
fr: Pour plus ample information, contactez-moi.

note: type: Content of: <div><div><h3>
en: Original message
fr: Message original

note: type: Content of: <div><div><p>
en: For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its original form.
fr: Par souci d'exhaustivité, le courriel original est reproduit ici dans sa forme originale.

note: TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers. type: Content of: <div><div><pre>
en: From CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
    From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
    Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
    Subject: new Unix implementation
    Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
    Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
    
    Free Unix!
    
    Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
    Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
    give it away free&#8239;<a href="#f1">[1]</a> to everyone who can use it.
    Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
    needed.
    
    To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
    write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
    assembler, and a few other things.  After this we will add a text
    formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
    other things.  We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
    normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
    on-line and hardcopy documentation.
    
    GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical
    to Unix.  We will make all improvements that are convenient, based
    on our experience with other operating systems.  In particular,
    we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof
    file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent
    display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through
    which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.
    Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
    We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol,
    far superior to UUCP.  We may also have something compatible
    with UUCP.
    
    
    Who Am I?
    
    I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
    editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT.  I have worked
    extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
    Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.
    I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS.  In addition I
    have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
    Lisp machines.
    
    
    Why I Must Write GNU
    
    I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
    must share it with other people who like it.  I cannot in good
    conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
    agreement.
    
    So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
    I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that
    I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
    
    
    How You Can Contribute
    
    I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
    I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
    
    One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.  But
    we could use more.  One consequence you can expect if you donate
    machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date.  The machine had
    better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
    sophisticated cooling or power.
    
    Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
    of some Unix utility and giving it to me.  For most projects, such
    part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
    independently-written parts would not work together.  But for the
    particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent.  Most
    interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility.  If each
    contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
    with the rest of GNU.
    
    If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
    part time.  The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
    whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money.  I view
    this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
    working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
    
    
    For more information, contact me.
    Arpanet mail:
      RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA
    
    Usenet:
      ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
      ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ
    
    US Snail:
      Richard Stallman
      166 Prospect St
      Cambridge, MA 02139
fr: From CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
    From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
    Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
    Subject: new Unix implementation
    Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
    Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
    
    Free Unix!
    
    Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
    Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
    give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
    Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
    needed.
    
    To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
    write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
    assembler, and a few other things.  After this we will add a text
    formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
    other things.  We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
    normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
    on-line and hardcopy documentation.
    
    GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical
    to Unix.  We will make all improvements that are convenient, based
    on our experience with other operating systems.  In particular,
    we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof
    file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent
    display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through
    which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.
    Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
    We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol,
    far superior to UUCP.  We may also have something compatible
    with UUCP.
    
    
    Who Am I?
    
    I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
    editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT.  I have worked
    extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
    Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.
    I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS.  In addition I
    have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
    Lisp machines.
    
    
    Why I Must Write GNU
    
    I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
    must share it with other people who like it.  I cannot in good
    conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
    agreement.
    
    So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
    I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that
    I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
    
    
    How You Can Contribute
    
    I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
    I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
    
    One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.  But
    we could use more.  One consequence you can expect if you donate
    machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date.  The machine had
    better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
    sophisticated cooling or power.
    
    Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
    of some Unix utility and giving it to me.  For most projects, such
    part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
    independently-written parts would not work together.  But for the
    particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent.  Most
    interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility.  If each
    contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
    with the rest of GNU.
    
    If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
    part time.  The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
    whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money.  I view
    this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
    working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
    
    
    For more information, contact me.
    Arpanet mail:
      RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA
    
    Usenet:
      ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
      ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ
    
    US Snail:
      Richard Stallman
      166 Prospect St
      Cambridge, MA 02139

note: type: Content of: <div><h3>
en: Footnote
fr: Note

note: type: Content of: <div><ol><li><p>
en: <em>The wording here was careless.</em> The intention was that nobody would have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system.  But the words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no charge.  That was never the intent.  Subsequently I have learned to distinguish carefully between &ldquo;free&rdquo; in the sense of freedom and &ldquo;free&rdquo; in the sense of price.  Free software is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change.  Some users may obtain copies at no charge, while others pay to obtain copies&mdash;and if the funds help support improving the software, so much the better.  The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has the freedom to cooperate with others in using it.
fr: <em>Ici, les mots n'ont pas été choisis soigneusement.</em> Le sens voulu était que personne n'aurait à payer pour la <b>permission</b> d'utiliser le système GNU. Mais la phrase ne rend pas cela clairement, et les gens l'interprètent souvent comme indiquant que les exemplaires de GNU devraient toujours être distribués à bas coût ou gratuitement ; cela n'a jamais été mon intention. Plus tard, j'ai appris à faire soigneusement la différence entre <i>free</i> au sens de liberté et <i>free</i> au sens du prix.<a id="TransNote1-rev" href="#TransNote1"><sup>a</sup></a> Un logiciel libre est un logiciel que les utilisateurs ont la liberté de distribuer et de modifier. Il est possible que certains utilisateurs en reçoivent des exemplaires gratuitement tandis que d'autres paient pour les obtenir – et si ces fonds aident à soutenir l'amélioration du logiciel, tant mieux. L'important, c'est que toute personne qui en possède un exemplaire a la liberté de coopérer avec les autres pour l'utiliser.

note: type: Content of: <div><ol><li><p>
en: The expression &ldquo;give away&rdquo; is another indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price from that of freedom.  We now recommend avoiding this expression when talking about free software.  See &ldquo;<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Confusing Words and Phrases</a>&rdquo; for more explanation.
fr: L'expression <i>give away</i> (distribuer gratuitement) est une autre indication que je n'avais pas encore clairement séparé la question du prix de celle de la liberté. Aujourd'hui, nous recommandons d'éviter cette expression lorsque nous parlons de logiciel libre. Voir les explications détaillées dans « <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Mots à éviter (ou à utiliser avec précaution), car connotés ou prêtant à confusion</a> ».

note: TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. type: Content of: <div>
en: *GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*
fr: <hr /><b>Note de traduction</b><ol id="translator-notes-alpha">
    <li><a id="TransNote1" href="#TransNote1-rev" class="nounderline">&#8593;</a> 
    En français, <i>free</i> a deux traductions, « libre » et « gratuit », ce qui facilite la distinction entre ces deux concepts.</li></ol>

note: type: Content of: <div><div><p>
en: Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
fr: Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à &lt;<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">gnu@gnu.org</a>&gt;. Il existe aussi <a href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. Les liens orphelins et autres corrections ou suggestions peuvent être signalés à &lt;<a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">webmasters@gnu.org</a>&gt;.

note: TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, replace it with the translation of these two: We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard to <a hr
en: Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.
fr: Merci d'adresser vos commentaires sur les pages en français à &lt;<a href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org">trad-gnu@april.org</a>&gt;, et sur les traductions en général à &lt;<a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">web-translators@gnu.org</a>&gt;. Si vous souhaitez y contribuer, vous trouverez dans le <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">guide de traduction</a> les infos nécessaires.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2009, 2021, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
fr: Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2009, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.
fr: Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.fr">Creative Commons attribution, pas de modification, 4.0 internationale (CC BY-ND 4.0)</a>.

note: TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. type: Content of: <div><div>
en: *GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*
fr: Traduction : Wolfgang Sourdeau<br />Révision : <a href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org">trad-gnu@april.org</a>

note: timestamp start type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Updated:
fr: Dernière mise à jour :
