thegnuproject.html - en to hr translation catalogue (140 entries)

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en: About the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
hr: O Projektu GNU - Projekt GNU - Zaklada za slobodni softver

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en: GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation, History
hr: GNU, Projekt GNU, FSF, slobodni softver, Zaklada za slobodni softver, povijest

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en: The GNU Project
hr: Projekt GNU

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en: The first software-sharing community
hr: Prva zajednica oko softvera za razmjenu

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en: When I started working at the <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became part of a software-sharing community that had existed for many years.  Sharing of software was not limited to our particular community; it is as old as computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking.  But we did it more than most.
hr: Kada sam 1971. započeo raditi u <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT-ovom</abbr> Laboratoriju za imjetnu inteligenciju, postao sam dio zajednice okupljene oko softvera za razmjenu koja je postojala mnogo godina. Razmjena softvera nije bila ograničena samo na našu zajednicu; stara je kao i računala, isto kao što je razmjena recepata stara isto kao i kuhanje. Ali mi smo razmjenjivali više nego većina.

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en: The collapse of the community
hr: Kolaps zajednice

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en: The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital discontinued the PDP-10 series.  Its architecture, elegant and powerful in the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address spaces that were becoming feasible in the 80s.  This meant that nearly all of the programs composing ITS were obsolete.
hr: Situacija se drastično promijenila u ranim 1980-ima kada je Digital ukinuo seriju PDP-10. Njegova arhitektura, elegantna i moćna u 60-ima, nije se mogla prirodno produžiti na veće adresne prostore koji su postajali izvodivima u 80-ima. To je značilo da su skoro svi programi koji su sastavljali ITS bili zastarjeli.

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en: The modern computers of the era, such as the VAX or the 68020, had their own operating systems, but none of them were free software: you had to sign a nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy.
hr: Moderna računala toga razdoblja, kao što su VAX ili 68020, imala su vlastite operacijske sustave, ali niti jedan od njih nije bio slobodni softver: morali ste potpisati sporazum o tajnosti (<i>nondisclosure</i>) samo da biste dobili izvršnu kopiju.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: This meant that the first step in using a computer was to promise not to help your neighbor.  A cooperating community was forbidden.  The rule made by the owners of proprietary software was, &ldquo;If you share with your neighbor, you are a pirate.  If you want any changes, beg us to make them.&rdquo;
hr: Ovo je značilo da je prvi korak u korištenju računala bio obećanje da nećete pomagati svome susjedu. Zajednica koja surađuje je bila zabranjena. Pravilo koje su napravili vlasnici vlasničkog (<i>proprietary</i>) softvera je bilo, &ldquo;Ako razmjenjujete sa svojim susjedom, vi ste pirat. Ako želite neke promjene, molite nas da ih napravimo.&rdquo;

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The idea that the proprietary software social system&mdash;the system that says you are not allowed to share or change software&mdash;is antisocial, that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as a surprise to some readers.  But what else could we say about a system based on dividing the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who find the idea surprising may have taken the proprietary software social system as a given, or judged it on the terms suggested by proprietary software businesses.  Software publishers have worked long and hard to convince people that there is only one way to look at the issue.
hr: Ideja da je društveni sustav vlasničkog softvera&mdash;sustav koji kaže da vam nije dopuštena razmjena ili izmjena softvera&mdash;antisocijalan, da je ne-etičan, da je jednostavno kriv, može biti iznenađenje nekim čitateljima. Ali što drugo možemo reći o sustavu utemeljenom na podijeli javnosti i na ostavljanju korisnika bespomoćnima? Čitatelji koji nalaze ideju iznenađujućom možda su prihvatili društveni sustav vlasničkog softvera kao dan, ili su ga procijenili u terminima predloženima od strane tvrtki koje se bave vlasničkim softverom. Izdavači softvera su radili dugo i naporno da bi uvjerili ljude da postoji samo jedan način da se gleda na taj problem.

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en: One assumption is that software companies have an unquestionable natural right to own software and thus have power over all its users.  (If this were a natural right, then no matter how much harm it does to the public, we could not object.)  Interestingly, the US Constitution and legal tradition reject this view; copyright is not a natural right, but an artificial government-imposed monopoly that limits the users' natural right to copy.
hr: Jedna pretpostavka je da softverske kompanije imaju neupitno prirodno pravo da posjeduju softver i stoga da imaju moć nad svim svojim korisnicima. (Kada bi to bilo prirodno pravo, tada bez obzira na količinu štete nanesenu javnosti, ne bismo mogli prigovoriti.) Interesantno, Američki Ustav i pravna tradicija odbijaju takvo gledište; autorsko pravo (<i>copyright</i>) nije prirodno pravo, nego umjetan, od vlade nametnuti monopol koji ograničuje korisnička prirodna prava na kopiranje.

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en: Another unstated assumption is that the only important thing about software is what jobs it allows you to do&mdash;that we computer users should not care what kind of society we are allowed to have.
hr: Druga ne-utvrđena pretpostavka: jedina važna stvar oko softvera je koje vam poslove dopušta da napravite&mdash;da mi, računalni korisnici ne bi trebali mariti za vrstu društva koje nam je dopušteno imati.

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en: A third assumption is that we would have no usable software (or would never have a program to do this or that particular job) if we did not offer a company power over the users of the program.  This assumption may have seemed plausible, before the free software movement demonstrated that we can make plenty of useful software without putting chains on it.
hr: Treća pretpostavka je da mi ne bismo imali upotrebljivi softver (ili nikada ne bismo imali program koji će napraviti taj ili onaj partikularni posao) kada ne bismo ponudili kompaniji moć nad korisnicima programa. Ova pretpostavka se možda činila vjerodostojna, prije nego je pokret slobodnog softvera pokazao da možemo napraviti mnogo korisnog softvera bez da ga ograničimo.

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en: If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues based on ordinary commonsense morality while placing the users first, we arrive at very different conclusions.  Computer users should be free to modify programs to fit their needs, and free to share software, because helping other people is the basis of society.
hr: Ako odbijemo prihvatiti te pretpostavke, i prosudimo te probleme temeljem obične zdravo razumske moralnosti dok stavljamo korisnike na prvo mjesto, dolazimo do vrlo različitih zaključaka. Računalni korisnici bi trebali biti slobodni da izmjenjuju programe kako bi isti odgovarali njihovim potrebama, i biti slobodni da razmjenjuju softver, jer pomaganje drugim ljudima je temelj društva.

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en: A stark moral choice
hr: Izraziti moralni izbor

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en: With my community gone, to continue as before was impossible.  Instead, I faced a stark moral choice.
hr: Kada je moja zajednica nestala, nastavak u istome tonu je postao nemogućim. Umjesto toga, suočio sam se sa izrazitim moralnim izborom.

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en: The easy choice was to join the proprietary software world, signing nondisclosure agreements and promising not to help my fellow hacker.  Most likely I would also be developing software that was released under nondisclosure agreements, thus adding to the pressure on other people to betray their fellows too.
hr: Lagani izbor je bio pridruživanje svijetu vlasničkog softvera, potpisujući sporazume o tajnosti i obećavajući da neću pomoći kolegi hakeru. Najvjerojatnije bi isto razvijao softver objavljen pod sporazumima o tajnosti, dakle dodajući pritisak na druge ljude da isto izdaju svoje kolege.

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en: I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing code.  But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on years of building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life making the world a worse place.
hr: Na taj način mogao sam steći novac, i možda se zabaviti pisanjem koda. Ali sam znao da na kraju moje karijere, gledao bi natrag na godine izgrađivanja zidova da razdvojim ljude, osjećajući da sam proveo svoj život radeći svijet gorim mjestom.

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en: I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a nondisclosure agreement, when someone refused to give me and the MIT AI Lab the source code for the control program for our printer.  (The lack of certain features in this program made use of the printer extremely frustrating.)  So I could not tell myself that nondisclosure agreements were innocent.  I was very angry when he refused to share with us; I could not turn around and do the same thing to everyone else.
hr: Već sam doživio kako je to biti na drugoj strani sporazuma o tajnosti, kada je netko odbio dati meni i MIT UI Laboratoriju izvorni kod upravljačkog programa našega pisača. (Nedostatak određenih značajki u tom programu je napravio korištenje pisača krajnje frustrirajućim.) Pa stoga nisam mogao reći sebi da su sporazumi o tajnosti bili bezazleni. Bio sam vrlo ljut kada je on odbio dijeliti sa nama; nisam mogao zauzvrat napraviti istu stvar svim drugima.

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en: Another choice, straightforward but unpleasant, was to leave the computer field.  That way my skills would not be misused, but they would still be wasted.  I would not be culpable for dividing and restricting computer users, but it would happen nonetheless.
hr: Drugi izbor, iskren ali neprijatan, je bio odlazak iz računalne struke. Na taj način moje vještine ne bi bile krivo upotrijebljene, ali bi bile uzalud potrošene. Ne bi bio kriv za razdjeljivanje i ograničavanje računalnih korisnika, ali bi se to svejedno dogodilo.

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en: So I looked for a way that a programmer could do something for the good.  I asked myself, was there a program or programs that I could write, so as to make a community possible once again?
hr: Dakle sam tražio način na koji bi programer mogao napraviti nešto za dobrobit. Pitao sam sebe, da li postoji program ili programi koje bi mogao napisati, u cilju ponovnog rađenja zajednice mogućom?

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en: The answer was clear: what was needed first was an operating system.  That is the crucial software for starting to use a computer.  With an operating system, you can do many things; without one, you cannot run the computer at all.  With a free operating system, we could again have a community of cooperating hackers&mdash;and invite anyone to join.  And anyone would be able to use a computer without starting out by conspiring to deprive his or her friends.
hr: Odgovor je bio jasan: prva potrebna stvar je bila operativni sustav. To je presudan softver u počecima korištenja računala. Sa operativnim sustavom, možete raditi mnoge stvari; bez njega, ne možete niti pokrenuti računalo. Sa slobodnim operativnim sustavom, mogli bismo opet imati zajednicu hakera koji surađuju&mdash;i pozvati svih da se pridruže. I svatko bi mogao koristiti računalo bez da započne urotom lišiti njegove ili njezine prijatelje.

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en: An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run other programs.  In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the name included command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters, debuggers, text editors, mailers, and much more.  ITS had them, Multics had them, VMS had them, and Unix had them.  The GNU operating system would include them too.
hr: Operativni sustav ne znači samo imati jezgru (<i>kernel</i>), jedva dovoljnu da pokrene druge programe. U 1970-ima, svaki operativni sustav dostojan imena je uključivao naredbene procesore, asemblere, kompajlere, interpretere, softver za praćenje izvršenja programa (<i>debugger</i>), uređivače teksta, softver za slanje elektroničkih poruka (<i>mailer</i>), i još mnogo toga. ITS ih je imao, Multics ih je imao, VMS ih je imao, i Unix ih je imao. GNU operativni sustav će ih isto uključiti.

note: type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p>
en: If I am not for myself, who will be for me?
hr: Ako nisam za sebe, tko će biti za mene?

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en: If I am only for myself, what am I?
hr: Ako sam samo za sebe, što sam ja?

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en: If not now, when?
hr: Ako ne sada, kada?

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en: The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit.
hr: Odluka da se započne GNU Projekt je bila utemeljena u sličnom duhu.

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en: Free as in freedom
hr: Slobodno kao u slobodi

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en: The term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is sometimes misunderstood&mdash;it has nothing to do with price.  It is about freedom.  Here, therefore, is the definition of free software.
hr: Termin &ldquo;slobodan softver&rdquo; je ponekad pogrešno shvaćeni&mdash;nema veze sa cijenom. On govori o slobodi. Ovo je, prema tome, definicija slobodnoga softvera.

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en: A program is free software, for you, a particular user, if:
hr: Program je slobodan softver, za vas, partikularnoga korisnika, ako:

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en: You have the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose.
hr: Imate slobodu da pokrenete program kako želite, za bilo koji cilj.

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en: You have the freedom to modify the program to suit your needs.  (To make this freedom effective in practice, you must have access to the source code, since making changes in a program without having the source code is exceedingly difficult.)
hr: Imate slobodu da promijenite program da odgovara vašim potrebama. (Da ova sloboda bude efektivna u praksi, morate imati pristup izvornome kodu, pošto je izmjenjivanje programa bez izvornoga koda iznimno teško.)

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en: You have the freedom to redistribute copies, either gratis or for a fee.
hr: Imate slobodu ponovne distribucije kopija, bilo besplatno ili za cijenu.

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en: You have the freedom to distribute modified versions of the program, so that the community can benefit from your improvements.
hr: Imate slobodu distribucije izmijenjenih verzija programa, tako da zajednica može imati korist od vaših poboljšanja.

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en: Since &ldquo;free&rdquo; refers to freedom, not to price, there is no contradiction between selling copies and free software.  In fact, the freedom to sell copies is crucial: collections of free software sold on CD-ROMs are important for the community, and selling them is an important way to raise funds for free software development.  Therefore, a program which people are not free to include on these collections is not free software.
hr: Pošto se &ldquo;slobodan&rdquo; odnosi na slobodu, ne na cijenu, nema kontradikcije između prodavanja kopija i slobodnog softvera. U stvarnosti, sloboda prodavanja kopija je presudna: kolekcije slobodnog softvera koje se prodaju na CD-ROM-ovima su važne za zajednicu, i njihovo prodavanje je važan način da se sakupe sredstva za razvijanje slobodnog softvera. Prema tome, program kojeg ljudi nisu slobodni uključiti u te kolekcije nije slobodan softver.

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en: GNU software and the GNU system
hr: GNU softver i GNU sustav

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en: Developing a whole system is a very large project.  To bring it into reach, I decided to adapt and use existing pieces of free software wherever that was possible.  For example, I decided at the very beginning to use TeX as the principal text formatter; a few years later, I decided to use the X Window System rather than writing another window system for GNU.
hr: Razvijanje cijeloga sustava je vrlo veliki projekt. Da bi se stavio u doseg, odlučio sam prilagoditi i koristiti postojeće dijelove slobodnog softvera kada god je to bilo moguće. Na primjer, odlučio sam na samome početku koristiti TeX kao glavni oblikovatelj teksta; nekoliko godina kasnije, odlučio sam iskoristiti X Window System, radije nego pisati novi grafički sustav za GNU.

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en: Because of these decisions, and others like them, the GNU system is not the same as the collection of all GNU software.  The GNU system includes programs that are not GNU software, programs that were developed by other people and projects for their own purposes, but which we can use because they are free software.
hr: Zbog tih odluka, i drugih sličnih njima, GNU sustav nije isto što i kolekcija svog GNU softvera. GNU sustav uključuje programe koji nisu GNU softver, programe koje su razvili drugi ljudi i projekte za njihove vlastite ciljeve, ali koje možemo koristiti jer su slobodan softver.

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en: Commencing the project
hr: Početak projekta

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en: In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software.  Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere with distributing GNU as free software.  If I had remained on the staff, MIT could have claimed to own the work, and could have imposed their own distribution terms, or even turned the work into a proprietary software package.  I had no intention of doing a large amount of work only to see it become useless for its intended purpose: creating a new software-sharing community.
hr: U siječnju 1984. dao sam otkaz na MIT-u i počeo pisati GNU softver. Odlazak iz MIT-a je bio nužan tako da se MIT ne bi mogao umiješati u distribuciju GNU-a kao slobodnog softvera. Da sam ostao u osoblju, MIT je mogao tvrditi da posjeduje djelo, i mogao je nametnuti svoja distribucijska pravila, ili čak pretvoriti djelo u vlasnički softverski paket. Nisam imao namjeru raditi veliki opseg posla samo da vidim kako postaje beskoristan za njegov namijenjeni cilj: stvaranje nove zajednice oko softvera za razmjenu.

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en: However, Professor Winston, then the head of the MIT AI Lab, kindly invited me to keep using the lab's facilities.
hr: Međutim, profesor Winston, tada glavni u MIT UI Laboratoriju, ljubazno me pozvao da nastavim koristiti postrojenja laboratorija.

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en: The first steps
hr: Prvi koraci

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en: He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the compiler was not.  I therefore decided that my first program for the GNU Project would be a multilanguage, multiplatform compiler.
hr: Odgovorio je podrugljivo, izjavljujući da je sveučilište slobodno ali kompajler nije. Prema tome sam odlučio da će moj prvi program za GNU Projekt biti višejezičan, višeplatformski kompajler.

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en: Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I obtained the source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a multiplatform compiler developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab.  It supported, and was written in, an extended version of Pascal, designed to be a system-programming language.  I added a C front end, and began porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer.  But I had to give that up when I discovered that the compiler needed many megabytes of stack space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only allow 64k.
hr: Nadajući da ću izbjeći potrebu da sam napišem cijeli kompajler, nabavio sam izvorni kod za Pastel kompajler, koji je bio višeplatformski kompajler razvijen u Lawrence Livermore Laboratoriju. Podržavao je, i bio je napisan u poboljšanoj verziji Pascal jezika, dizajniran da bude jezik za sistemsko programiranje. Dodao sam C sučelje, i započeo prenošenje na Motorola 68000 računalo. Ali morao sam odustati od toga kada sam otkrio da kompajler potrebuje mnogo megabajta stog (<i>stack</i>) prostora, dok je dostupni 68000 Unix sustav samo dozvoljavao 64k.

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en: I began work on GNU Emacs in September 1984, and in early 1985 it was beginning to be usable.  This enabled me to begin using Unix systems to do editing; having no interest in learning to use vi or ed, I had done my editing on other kinds of machines until then.
hr: Započeo sam rad na GNU Emacs-u rujnu 1984., i u ranoj 1985. postajao je upotrebljiv. To mi je omogućilo da počinjem koristiti Unix sustave za uređivanje; bez interesa da naučim koristiti vi ili ed, do tada sam radio uređivanje na drugim vrstama strojeva.

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en: At this point, people began wanting to use GNU Emacs, which raised the question of how to distribute it.  Of course, I put it on the anonymous ftp server on the MIT computer that I used.  (This computer, prep.ai.mit.edu, thus became the principal GNU ftp distribution site; when it was decommissioned a few years later, we transferred the name to our new ftp server.)  But at that time, many of the interested people were not on the Internet and could not get a copy by ftp.  So the question was, what would I say to them?
hr: U toj točki, ljudi su počeli željeti koristiti GNU Emacs, što je uzdignulo pitanje oko načina njegove distribucije. Naravno, stavio sam ga na anonimni ftp poslužitelj na MIT računalu koje sam koristio. (To računalo, prep.ai.mit.edu, je dakle postalo glavno mjesto za GNU ftp distribuciju; kada je bilo ukinuto nekoliko godina kasnije, premjestili smo ime na naš novi ftp poslužitelj.) Ali u to vrijeme, mnogi ljudi koji su bili zainteresirani nisu bili na Internetu i nisu mogli preuzeti kopiju ftp-om. Dakle pitanje je bilo, što ću njima reći?

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en: I could have said, &ldquo;Find a friend who is on the net and who will make a copy for you.&rdquo; Or I could have done what I did with the original PDP-10 Emacs: tell them, &ldquo;Mail me a tape and a <abbr title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</abbr>, and I will mail it back with Emacs on it.&rdquo; But I had no job, and I was looking for ways to make money from free software.  So I announced that I would mail a tape to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150.  In this way, I started a free software distribution business, the precursor of the companies that today distribute entire GNU/Linux system distributions.
hr: Mogao sam reći: &ldquo;Nađite prijatelja koji je na mreži i koji će napraviti kopiju za vas.&rdquo; Ili sam mogao napraviti isto što i sa originalnim PDP-10 Emacs-om: reći im: &ldquo;Pošaljite mi traku i <abbr title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</abbr>, i poslati ću vam je natrag sa Emacs-om.&rdquo; Ali nisam imao posao, i tražio sam načine da steknem novac od slobodnog softvera. Tada sam proglasio da ću poslati traku svakome tko je htio, za proviziju od $150. Na taj način, započeo sam posao distribucije slobodnog softvera, prethodnik kompanija koje danas distribuiraju cijele distribucije GNU/Linux sustava.

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en: Is a program free for every user?
hr: Da li je program slobodan za svakog korisnika?

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en: If a program is free software when it leaves the hands of its author, this does not necessarily mean it will be free software for everyone who has a copy of it.  For example, <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware"> public domain software</a> (software that is not copyrighted) is free software; but anyone can make a proprietary modified version of it.  Likewise, many free programs are copyrighted but distributed under simple permissive licenses which allow proprietary modified versions.
hr: Ako je program slobodan softver kada napusti ruke njegova autora, to nužno ne znači da će biti slobodan softver za svakoga tko ima kopiju. Na primjer, <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware">softver u javnom vlasništvu</a> (softver koji nije pod autorskim pravom) je slobodan softver; ali svatko može napraviti vlasničku izmijenjenu verziju. Slično, mnogi slobodni programi su pod autorskim pravom ali su distribuirani pod jednostavnim popustljivim licencama koje dopuštaju vlasničke izmijenjene verzije.

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en: The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System.  Developed at MIT, and released as free software with a permissive license, it was soon adopted by various computer companies.  They added X to their proprietary Unix systems, in binary form only, and covered by the same nondisclosure agreement.  These copies of X were no more free software than Unix was.
hr: Paradigmatičan primjer toga problema je X Window System. Razvijen na MIT-u, i objavljen kao slobodni softver sa popustljivom licencom, bio je uskoro prilagođen od strane raznih računalnih kompanija. Oni su dodali X svojim vlasničkim Unix sustavima, samo u binarnom obliku, i pokrivenom istim sporazumom o tajnosti. Te X kopije više nisu bile slobodni softver, isto kao što i Unix nije bio.

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en: This led to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of counting the amount of freedom gave different answers to the question, &ldquo;Is this program free?&rdquo; If you judged based on the freedom provided by the distribution terms of the MIT release, you would say that X was free software.  But if you measured the freedom of the average user of X, you would have to say it was proprietary software.  Most X users were running the proprietary versions that came with Unix systems, not the free version.
hr: To je vodilo u paradoksalnu situaciju gdje su dva različita načina brojanja količine slobode dale različite odgovore na pitanje: &ldquo;Da li je ovaj program slobodan?&rdquo; Ako ste prosuđivali na temelju slobode dane distribucijskim pravilima MIT objave, rekli biste da je X bio slobodan softver. Ali ako ste mjerili slobodu prosječnog X korisnika, morali biste reći da je X vlasnički softver. Većina X korisnika su pokretali vlasničke inačice koje su dolazile sa Unix sustavima, ne slobodne verzije.

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en: Copyleft and the GNU GPL
hr: Copyleft i GNU GPL

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite of its usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting a program, it becomes a means for keeping the program free.
hr: Copyleft koristi zakon o autorskim pravima, ali ga preokreće na drugu stranu da služi suprotno od uobičajene svrhe: umjesto sredstvo ograničenja programa, postaje sredstvo održavanja programa slobodnim.

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en: The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to run the program, copy the program, modify the program, and distribute modified versions&mdash;but not permission to add restrictions of their own.  Thus, the crucial freedoms that define &ldquo;free software&rdquo; are guaranteed to everyone who has a copy; they become inalienable rights.
hr: Središnja ideja copylefta je da dajemo svima dopuštenje da pokrenu program, kopiraju program, izmjene program, i distribuiraju izmijenjene verzije&mdash;ali ne dopuštenje da dodaju svoja dodatna ograničenja. Dakle, presudne slobode koje definiraju &ldquo;slobodni softver&rdquo; su garantirane svima koji imaju kopiju; postaju neotuđiva prava.

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en: For an effective copyleft, modified versions must also be free.  This ensures that work based on ours becomes available to our community if it is published.  When programmers who have jobs as programmers volunteer to improve GNU software, it is copyleft that prevents their employers from saying, &ldquo;You can't share those changes, because we are going to use them to make our proprietary version of the program.&rdquo;
hr: Za efektivni copyleft, izmijenjene verzije moraju isto biti slobodne. To osigurava da djelo temeljeno na našemu postane dostupno našoj zajednici ako je objavljeno. Kada programeri koji imaju poslove kao programeri volontiraju da poboljšaju GNU softver, copyleft je taj koji sprječava njihove poslodavce da kažu: &ldquo;Vi ne možete razmjenjivati te izmjene, jer ćemo ih iskoristiti da napravimo našu vlasničku inačicu programa.&rdquo;

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en: The requirement that changes must be free is essential if we want to ensure freedom for every user of the program.  The companies that privatized the X Window System usually made some changes to port it to their systems and hardware.  These changes were small compared with the great extent of X, but they were not trivial.  If making changes were an excuse to deny the users freedom, it would be easy for anyone to take advantage of the excuse.
hr: Zahtjev da izmjene moraju biti slobodne je suštinski ako želimo osigurati slobodu za svakog korisnika programa. Kompanije koje su privatizirale X Window System obično su napravile neke izmjene da bi softver prenosili na njihove sustave i hardver. Te izmjene su bile male u usporedbi sa velikim opsegom X-a, ali nisu bile trivijalne. Kada bi izrada izmjena bila isprika da se ospori korisnicima sloboda, bilo bi lagano za svakoga da iskoristi ispriku.

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en: A related issue concerns combining a free program with nonfree code.  Such a combination would inevitably be nonfree; whichever freedoms are lacking for the nonfree part would be lacking for the whole as well.  To permit such combinations would open a hole big enough to sink a ship.  Therefore, a crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug this hole: anything added to or combined with a copylefted program must be such that the larger combined version is also free and copylefted.
hr: Srodan problem tiče se kombinacije slobodnog programa sa neslobodnim kodom. Takva kombinacija bi neizbježno bila neslobodna; koje god slobode nedostaju za neslobodni dio bi isto nedostajale i za cjelinu. Dozvoljavanje takvih kombinacija bi otvorilo ponor toliko velik da se u njemu može potopiti brod. Dakle, presudni zahtjev za copyleft je da začepi taj ponor: sve dodano ili kombinirano sa programom pod copyleftom mora biti takvo da veća kombinirana verzija bude isto slobodna i pod copyleftom.

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en: The Free Software Foundation
hr: Zaklada za slobodan softver

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was not just about tools or a development environment.  Our goal was a complete operating system, and these programs were needed for that goal.
hr: Financirali smo razvitak tih programa jer GNU Projekt nije bio samo alati ili razvojno okruženje. Naš cilj je bio potpuni operativni sustav, i ti programi su bili potrebni za taj cilj.

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en: Free software support
hr: Podrška slobodnog softvera

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business practice, but it is not against business.  When businesses respect the users' freedom, we wish them success.
hr: Filozofija slobodnog softvera odbija specifičnu rasprostranjenu poslovnu praksu, ali nije protiv tvrtki. Kada tvrtke poštuju korisničke slobode, želimo im uspjeh.

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en: Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software business.  When the FSF took over that business, I needed another way to make a living.  I found it in selling services relating to the free software I had developed.  This included teaching, for subjects such as how to program GNU Emacs and how to customize GCC, and software development, mostly porting GCC to new platforms.
hr: Prodaja Emacs kopija demonstrira jednu vrstu posla vezanog uz slobodni softver. Kada je FSF preuzeo taj posao, trebao sam drugi način preživljavanja. Našao sam ga u prodaji usluga koje se odnose na slobodni softver koji sam razvio. To je uključivalo podučavanje, kako programirati GNU Emacs i kako prilagoditi GCC, i razvoj softvera, uglavnom prenošenje GCC-a na nove platforme.

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en: Today each of these kinds of free software business is practiced by a number of corporations.  Some distribute free software collections on CD-ROM; others sell support at levels ranging from answering user questions, to fixing bugs, to adding major new features.  We are even beginning to see free software companies based on launching new free software products.
hr: Danas svaki od ovih vrsta poslova vezanih uz slobodni softver je u praksi u brojnim korporacijama. Neki distribuiraju kolekcije slobodnog softvera na CD-ROM-u; drugi prodaju podršku na razinama od odgovaranja na korisnička pitanja, do popravljanja grešaka, do dodavanja znatnih novih značajki. Čak i počinjemo viđati kompanije slobodnog softvera temeljene na poduzimanju novih projekata slobodnog softvera.

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en: Technical goals
hr: Tehnički ciljevi

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en: The principal goal of GNU is to be free software.  Even if GNU had no technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage, allowing users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the user's freedom.
hr: Glavni cilj GNU-a je bio da bude slobodan softver. Čak i kada GNU ne bi imao tehničku prednost nad Unix-om, imao bi društvenu prednost, dopuštajući korisnicima da surađuju, i etičku prednost, poštivanje slobode korisnika.

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en: But it was natural to apply the known standards of good practice to the work&mdash;for example, dynamically allocating data structures to avoid arbitrary fixed size limits, and handling all the possible 8-bit codes wherever that made sense.
hr: Ali bilo je prirodno primijeniti znane standarde dobre prakse na djelo&mdash;na primjer, dinamičko alociranje struktura podataka da bi se izbjegla proizvoljno fiksirana ograničenja veličine, i rukovanje sa svim mogućim 8-bitnim kodovima gdje god je to imalo smisla.

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en: In addition, we rejected the Unix focus on small memory size, by deciding not to support 16-bit machines (it was clear that 32-bit machines would be the norm by the time the GNU system was finished), and to make no effort to reduce memory usage unless it exceeded a megabyte.  In programs for which handling very large files was not crucial, we encouraged programmers to read an entire input file into core, then scan its contents without having to worry about I/O.
hr: U dopuni, odbili smo fokus Unix-a na malu veličinu memorije, odlukom da ne podržavamo 16-bitne strojeve (bilo je jasno da će 32-bitni strojevi biti mjerilo dok dođe vrijeme završavanja GNU sustava), i da ne napravimo napor da smanjimo upotrebu memorije sve dok ne prijeđe megabajt. U programima za koje rukovanje velikim datotekama nije bilo presudno, ohrabrivali smo programere da učitaju cijelu ulaznu datoteku u jezgru, i tada da pretraže njen sadržaj bez brige oko I/O (<i>Input/Output</i>).

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en: These decisions enabled many GNU programs to surpass their Unix counterparts in reliability and speed.
hr: Te odluke su omogućile mnogim GNU programima da nadiđu svoje Unix verzije u pouzdanosti i brzini.

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en: Donated computers
hr: Donirana računala

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en: As the GNU Project's reputation grew, people began offering to donate machines running Unix to the project.  These were very useful, because the easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix system, and replace the components of that system one by one.  But they raised an ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a copy of Unix at all.
hr: Kako je ugled GNU Projekta rastao, ljudi su projektu počeli nuditi donacije strojeva koji su pokretali Unix. Oni su bili vrlo korisni, jer je najlakši način razvijanja GNU komponenata bio da se to radi na Unix sustavu, i zamjenjivanje komponenata tog sustava jednu po jednu. Ali to je postavilo etično pitanje: da li je bilo ispravno za nas da uopće imamo kopiju Unix-a.

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en: Unix was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU Project's philosophy said that we should not use proprietary software.  But, applying the same reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence in self defense is justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to use a proprietary package when that was crucial for developing a free replacement that would help others stop using the proprietary package.
hr: Unix je bio (i jest) vlasnički softver, i filozofija GNU Projekta je govorila da ne bismo trebali koristiti vlasnički softver. Ali, primjenjivajući istu logiku koja vodi do zaključka da je nasilje u samoobrani opravdano, zaključio sam da je legitimno koristiti vlasnički paket kada je to bilo presudno za razvitak slobodne zamijene koja će pomoći drugima da prestanu koristiti vlasnički paket.

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en: But, even if this was a justifiable evil, it was still an evil.  Today we no longer have any copies of Unix, because we have replaced them with free operating systems.  If we could not replace a machine's operating system with a free one, we replaced the machine instead.
hr: Ali, iako je to bilo opravdano zlo, bilo je još uvijek zlo. Danas više nemamo kopija Unix-a, jer smo ih zamijenili sa slobodnim operativnim sustavima. Ako nismo mogli zamijeniti operativni sustav stroja sa slobodnim, umjesto toga zamijenili smo stroj.

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en: The GNU Task List
hr: GNU lista zadataka

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en: As the GNU Project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system components were found or developed, eventually it became useful to make a list of the remaining gaps.  We used it to recruit developers to write the missing pieces.  This list became known as the GNU Task List.  In addition to missing Unix components, we listed various other useful software and documentation projects that, we thought, a truly complete system ought to have.
hr: Nastavkom GNU Projekta, povećavajući broj sistemskih komponenti je nađen ili razvijen, eventualno je postalo korisno napraviti listu preostalih praznina. Koristili smo tu listu da vrbujemo developere da napišu dijelove koji su nedostajali. Ta lista je postala znana kao GNU lista zadataka. U dodatku Unix komponenata koje nedostaju, popisali smo razni drugi korisni softver i dokumentacijske pakete za koje smo mislili da bi istinski potpuni sustav trebao imati.

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en: Even games are included in the task list&mdash;and have been since the beginning.  Unix included games, so naturally GNU should too.  But compatibility was not an issue for games, so we did not follow the list of games that Unix had.  Instead, we listed a spectrum of different kinds of games that users might like.
hr: Čak su i igre uključene u listu zadataka&mdash;i bile su od početka. Unix je uključivao igre, pa bi tako i GNU prirodno trebao. Ali kompatibilnost nije problem za igre, tako da nismo slijedili listu igara koje je Unix imao. Umjesto toga, popisali smo spektar različitih vrsta igara koje bi se mogle svidjeti korisnicima.

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en: It is not a matter of principle; there is no principle that says proprietary software products are entitled to include our code.  (Why contribute to a project predicated on refusing to share with us?)  Using the LGPL for the C library, or for any library, is a matter of strategy.
hr: Nije stvar principa; ne postoji princip koji kaže da proizvodi vlasničkog softvera imaju pravo uključiti naš kod. (Zašto doprinijeti projektu koji se temelji na odbijanju razmijene sa nama?) Korištenje LGPL-a za C biblioteku, ili za bilo koju biblioteku, je stvar strategije.

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en: The C library does a generic job; every proprietary system or compiler comes with a C library.  Therefore, to make our C library available only to free software would not have given free software any advantage&mdash;it would only have discouraged use of our library.
hr: C biblioteka radi generički posao; svaki vlasnički sustav ili kompajler dolazi sa C bibliotekom. Dakle, pravljenjem naše C biblioteke dostupne samo slobodnom softveru ne bi dali slobodnom softveru nikakvu prednost&mdash;samo bi obeshrabrilo korištenje naše biblioteke.

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en: For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be considered on a case-by-case basis.  When a library does a special job that can help write certain kinds of programs, then releasing it under the GPL, limiting it to free programs only, is a way of helping other free software developers, giving them an advantage against proprietary software.
hr: Za druge biblioteke, strategijska odluka se treba razmotriti od slučaja do slučaja. Kada biblioteka radi poseban posao koji može pomoći u pisanju određenih vrsta programa, tada je objava pod GPL-om, ograničavanje samo na slobodne programe, način pomaganja drugim developerima slobodnog softvera, dajući im prednost u odnosu na vlasnički softver.

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en: Proprietary software developers have the advantages money provides; free software developers need to make advantages for each other.  I hope some day we will have a large collection of GPL-covered libraries that have no parallel available to proprietary software, providing useful modules to serve as building blocks in new free software, and adding up to a major advantage for further free software development.
hr: Developeri vlasničkog softvera imaju prednosti koje novac daje; developeri slobodnog softvera moraju raditi prednosti među sobom. Nadam se da ćemo jedan dan imati veliku kolekciju biblioteka pokrivenih GPL-om koje nemaju paralelu dostupnu vlasničkom softveru, dajući korisne module da služe za izgradnju novog slobodnog softvera, i dodavajući veliku prednost za daljnji razvitak slobodnog softvera.

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en: Scratching an itch?
hr: Češanje svraba?

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Eric Raymond says that &ldquo;Every good work of software starts by scratching a developer's personal itch.&rdquo; Maybe that happens sometimes, but many essential pieces of GNU software were developed in order to have a complete free operating system.  They come from a vision and a plan, not from impulse.
hr: Eric Raymond kaže: &ldquo;Svako dobro djelo softvera započinje češanjem developerovog osobnog svraba.&rdquo; Možda se to i dogodi ponekad, ali mnogi glavni dijelovi GNU softvera su razvijeni sa ciljem da se napravi potpuni operativni sustav. Oni dolaze iz vizije i plana, ne iz impulsa.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system needs a C library, BASH because a Unix-like system needs a shell, and GNU tar because a Unix-like system needs a tar program.  The same is true for my own programs&mdash;the GNU C compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.
hr: Na primjer, razvili smo GNU C biblioteku jer sustav nalik Unix-u treba C biblioteku, BASH zato jer sustav nalik Unix-u treba ljusku, i GNU tar zato jer sustav nalik Unix-u treba tar program. Isto je istina i za moje programe&mdash;GNU C kompajler, GNU Emacs, GDB i GNU Make.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our freedom.  Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program, which had been lost to the community because of the <abbr title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr> patents.  We found people to develop LessTif, and more recently started <abbr title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</abbr> and Harmony, to address the problems caused by certain proprietary libraries (see below).  We are developing the GNU Privacy Guard to replace popular nonfree encryption software, because users should not have to choose between privacy and freedom.
hr: Neki GNU programi su razvijeni da bi se nosili sa specifičnim prijetnjama našoj slobodi. Dakle, razvili smo gzip da bi zamijenili Compress program, koji je bio izgubljen iz zajednice zbog <abbr title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr> patenata. Našli smo ljude koji će razvijati LessTif, i više nedavno započeli smo <abbr title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</abbr> i Harmony, da bi adresirali probleme izazvane određenim vlasničkim bibliotekama (vidite ispod). Razvijamo GNU Privacy Guard da nadomjestimo popularni neslobodni enkripcijski softver, jer korisnici ne bi trebali birati između privatnosti i slobode.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Of course, the people writing these programs became interested in the work, and many features were added to them by various people for the sake of their own needs and interests.  But that is not why the programs exist.
hr: Naravno, ljudi koji pišu te programe su postali zainteresirani za rad, i mnoge značajke su dodane od strane raznih ljudi zbog vlastitih potreba i interesa. Ali to nije razlog zašto ti programi postoje.

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en: Unexpected developments
hr: Neočekivani razvoji

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: At the beginning of the GNU Project, I imagined that we would develop the whole GNU system, then release it as a whole.  That is not how it happened.
hr: Na početku GNU Projekta, zamislio sam da ćemo razviti cijeli GNU sustav, i onda ga objaviti kao cjelinu. Nije se tako dogodilo.

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en: Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix system, each component could run on Unix systems long before a complete GNU system existed.  Some of these programs became popular, and users began extending them and porting them&mdash;to the various incompatible versions of Unix, and sometimes to other systems as well.
hr: Pošto je svaka komponenta GNU sustava implementirana na Unix sustavu, svaka komponenta se mogla pokrenuti da Unix sustavu dugo prije nego je potpuni GNU sustav postojao. Neki od tih programa su postali popularni, i korisnici su ih počeli proširivati i prenositi na druge platforme&mdash;na razne nekompatibilne verzije Unix-a, i katkad na druge sustave.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both funds and contributors to the GNU Project.  But it probably also delayed completion of a minimal working system by several years, as GNU developers' time was put into maintaining these ports and adding features to the existing components, rather than moving on to write one missing component after another.
hr: Taj proces je napravio te programe mnogo moćnijima, i privukao financiranje i suradnike na GNU Projekt. Ali je vjerojatno i usporio završenje minimalnoga radnog sustava za nekoliko godina, pošto je vrijeme GNU developera stavljeno u održavanje tih prenesenih programa i u dodavanje značajki postojećim komponentama, radije nego u početak pisanja, jednu za drugom, komponenata koje nedostaju.

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en: The GNU Hurd
hr: GNU Hurd

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing component was the kernel.  We had decided to implement our kernel as a collection of server processes running on top of Mach.  Mach is a microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the University of Utah; the GNU Hurd is a collection of servers (i.e., a herd of GNUs) that run on top of Mach, and do the various jobs of the Unix kernel.  The start of development was delayed as we waited for Mach to be released as free software, as had been promised.
hr: 1990., GNU sustav je bio skoro dovršeni; jedina velika komponenta koja je nedostajala je bila jezgra. Odlučili smo implementirati jezgru kao kolekciju poslužiteljskih procesa koji se izvršavaju iznad Mach-a. Mach je mikro-jezgra razvijena na Carnegie Mellon Sveučilištu i tada na Utah Sveučilištu; GNU Hurd je kolekcija poslužitelja (odnosno, krdo GNU-a) koji se izvršavaju iznad Mach-a, i rade razne poslove Unix jezgre. Početak razvitka je bio u zakašnjenju dok smo čekali da Mach bude objavljen kao slobodan softver, kao što je bilo obećano.

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en: One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a source-level debugger to do it with.  This part of the job had been done already, in Mach, and we expected to debug the Hurd servers as user programs, with GDB.  But it took a long time to make that possible, and the multithreaded servers that send messages to each other have turned out to be very hard to debug.  Making the Hurd work solidly has stretched on for many years.
hr: Jedan razlog odabira tog dizajna je bilo izbjegavanje onoga što se činilo najtežim dijelom posla: otklanjanje grešaka u programu jezgre bez softvera koji na razini izvornog koda prati izvršenje programa (<i>source-level debugger</i>). Taj dio posla je već napravljen, u Mach-u, i očekivali smo da će otklanjanje grešaka u Hurd poslužiteljima biti na razini korisničkih programa, sa GDB-om. Ali prošlo je dosta vremena dok je to postalo moguće, i višenitni (<i>multithreaded</i>) poslužitelji koji šalju poruke među sobom su se ispostavili vrlo teškima u procesu otklanjanja grešaka. Radeći Hurd posao razvučenim kroz mnogo godina.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the Hurd.  Its original name was Alix&mdash;named after the woman who was my sweetheart at the time.  She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her name would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a joke, she told her friends, &ldquo;Someone should name a kernel after me.&rdquo; I said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel named Alix.
hr: GNU jezgra se na početku nije trebala zvati Hurd. Njegovo originalno ime je bilo Alix&mdash;dano prema ženi koja je bila u to vrijeme moja simpatija. Ona, Unix administrator, je ukazala na to kako bi njeno ime dobro pristajalo u uobičajeni uzorak davanja imena verzija Unix sustava; u šali, rekla je svojim prijateljima: &ldquo;Netko bi trebao nazvati jezgru po meni.&rdquo; Nisam rekao ništa, nego sam je odlučio iznenaditi s jezgrom po imenu Alix.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: It did not stay that way.  Michael (now Thomas) Bushnell, the main developer of the kernel, preferred the name Hurd, and redefined Alix to refer to a certain part of the kernel&mdash;the part that would trap system calls and handle them by sending messages to Hurd servers.
hr: Nije ostalo na tome. Michael (sada Thomas) Bushnell, glavni developer jezgre, više je volio ime Hurd, i ponovno je definirao Alix da se odnosi na određeni dio jezgre&mdash;dio koji bi hvatao sistemske pozive i rukovao s njima slanjem poruka Hurd poslužiteljima.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Later, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name; independently, the Hurd design was changed so that the C library would send messages directly to servers, and this made the Alix component disappear from the design.
hr: Kasnije, Alix i ja smo prekinuli, i ona je promijenila svoje ime; neovisno, dizajn Hurd-a je promijenjen tako da bi C biblioteka slala poruke direktno poslužiteljima, i zbog toga je Alix komponenta nestala iz dizajna.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the name Alix in the Hurd source code, and mentioned it to her.  So she did have the chance to find a kernel named after her.
hr: Ali prije nego su se te stvari dogodile, njezin prijatelj je našao ime Alix u izvornom kodu Hurd-a, i spomenuo je to njoj. Tako da je imala šansu naći jezgru po njenom imenu.

note: type: Content of: <div><h3>
en: Linux and GNU/Linux
hr: Linux i GNU/Linux

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The GNU Hurd is not suitable for production use, and we don't know if it ever will be.  The capability-based design has problems that result directly from the flexibility of the design, and it is not clear whether solutions exist.
hr: GNU Hurd nije prikladan za produkcijsko korištenje, i ne znamo da li će ikada biti. Dizajn temeljen na mogućnostima ima problema koji rezultiraju direktno iz fleksibilnosti dizajna, i nije jasno da li rješenja postoje.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Fortunately, another kernel is available.  In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux.  It was proprietary at first, but in 1992, he made it free software; combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted in a complete free operating system.  (Combining them was a substantial job in itself, of course.)  It is due to Linux that we can actually run a version of the GNU system today.
hr: Srećom, druga jezgra je dostupna. 1991. Linus Torvalds je razvio jezgru kompatibilnu s Unixom i nazvao je Linux. U početku je Linux bio pod vlasničkom licencom, no 1992. je postao slobodni softver; kombinirajući Linux s još nedovršenim sustavom GNU rezultiralo je potpunim slobodnim operativnim sustavom. (Naravno, kombiniranje je bio znatan posao sam po sebi.) Zbog Linuxa mi danas možemo pokrenuti verziju sustava GNU.

note: type: Content of: <div><h3>
en: Challenges in our future
hr: Izazovi u našoj budućnosti

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: We have proved our ability to develop a broad spectrum of free software.  This does not mean we are invincible and unstoppable.  Several challenges make the future of free software uncertain; meeting them will require steadfast effort and endurance, sometimes lasting for years.  It will require the kind of determination that people display when they value their freedom and will not let anyone take it away.
hr: Dokazali smo našu sposobnost da razvijemo široki spektar slobodnog softvera. To ne znači da smo nepobjedivi i nezaustavljivi. Nekoliko izazova rade budućnost slobodnog softvera nesigurnom; suočavanje sa njima će zahtijevati postojan napor i izdržljivost, trajući ponekad i po nekoliko godina. Zahtijevati će vrstu determinacije koje ljudi pokazuju kada cijene svoju slobodu i neće dopustiti nikome da je oduzme.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The following four sections discuss these challenges.
hr: Sljedeća četiri odjeljka raspravljaju o tim izazovima.

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: Secret hardware
hr: Tajni hardver

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Hardware manufacturers increasingly tend to keep hardware specifications secret.  This makes it difficult to write free drivers so that Linux and XFree86 can support new hardware.  We have complete free systems today, but we will not have them tomorrow if we cannot support tomorrow's computers.
hr: Proizvođači hardvera u sve većem trendu drže specifikacije hardvera tajnim. Zbog toga je teško pisati slobodne upravljačke programe tako da bi Linux i XFree86 podržavali novi hardver. Imamo potpune slobodne sustave danas, ali ih sutra nećemo imati ako ne možemo podržavati sutrašnja računala.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: There are two ways to cope with this problem.  Programmers can do reverse engineering to figure out how to support the hardware.  The rest of us can choose the hardware that is supported by free software; as our numbers increase, secrecy of specifications will become a self-defeating policy.
hr: Postoje dva načina suočavanja sa tim problemom. Programeri mogu raditi obrnuti inženjering da bi dokučili kako podržavati hardver. Mi ostali možemo izabrati hardver koji je podržani od strane slobodnog softvera; kako se naši brojevi budu povećavali, tajnost specifikacija će postati samo-poražavajuća politika.

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: Nonfree libraries
hr: Neslobodne biblioteke

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: A nonfree library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap for free software developers.  The library's attractive features are the bait; if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your program cannot usefully be part of a free operating system.  (Strictly speaking, we could include your program, but it won't <em>run</em> with the library missing.)  Even worse, if a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular, it can lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap.
hr: Neslobodna biblioteka koja se vrti na slobodnim operativnim sustavima djeluje kao zamka za developere slobodnog softvera. Primamljive značajke biblioteke su mamac; ako koristite biblioteku, padate u zamku, zato jer vaš program ne može korisno biti dio slobodnog operativnoga sustava. (Strogo govoreći, možemo uključiti vaš program, ali neće se <em>pokrenuti</em> bez biblioteke.) Još gore, ako program koji koristi vlasničku biblioteku postane popularan, može namamiti druge nesumnjajuće programere u zamku.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit, back in the 80s.  Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was clear what problem Motif would cause for them later on.  The GNU Project responded in two ways: by asking individual free software projects to support the free X Toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and by asking for someone to write a free replacement for Motif.  The job took many years; LessTif, developed by the Hungry Programmers, became powerful enough to support most Motif applications only in 1997.
hr: Prvi slučaj ovog problema su bili Motif alati, natrag u 80-ima. Iako tada nisu postojali slobodni operativni sustavi, bilo je jasno koji problem će im Motif uzrokovati kasnije. GNU Projekt je odgovorio na dva načina: pitajući individualne projekte slobodnog softvera da podržavaju slobodne X alatne blokove (<i>widgets</i>) kao i Motif, i raspitivajući se za nekoga tko bi napisao slobodnu zamjenu za Motif. Posao je trajao mnogo godina; LessTif, razvijen od strane Hungry Programmers, postao je dovoljno moćan da podržava većinu Motif aplikacija tek u 1997.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Between 1996 and 1998, another nonfree <abbr title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</abbr> toolkit library, called Qt, was used in a substantial collection of free software, the desktop <abbr title="K Desktop Environment">KDE</abbr>.
hr: Između 1996. i 1998., druga neslobodna <abbr title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</abbr> alatna biblioteka, zvana Qt, je bila korištena u znatnoj kolekciji slobodnog softvera: <abbr title="K Desktop Environment">KDE</abbr> desktop.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not use the library.  However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux systems who were not strict about sticking with free software added KDE to their systems&mdash;producing a system with more capabilities, but less freedom.  The KDE group was actively encouraging more programmers to use Qt, and millions of new &ldquo;Linux users&rdquo; had never been exposed to the idea that there was a problem in this.  The situation appeared grim.
hr: Slobodni GNU/Linux sustavi nisu bili u mogućnosti koristiti KDE, zato jer nismo mogli koristiti biblioteku. Međutim, neki komercijalni distributeri GNU/Linux sustava koji nisu bili strogi da se drže slobodnog softvera, dodali su KDE svojim sustavima&mdash;producirajući sustav sa više sposobnosti, ali manje slobode. KDE grupa je aktivno ohrabrivala sve više programera da koriste Qt, i milijuni novih &ldquo;Linux korisnika&rdquo; nisu nikada bili izloženi ideji da ima nešto krivo u tome. Situacija se činila mrgodnom.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The free software community responded to the problem in two ways: GNOME and Harmony.
hr: Zajednica slobodnog softvera je odgovorila na problem u dva načina: GNOME i Harmony.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: GNOME, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU's desktop project.  Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the support of Red Hat Software, GNOME set out to provide similar desktop facilities, but using free software exclusively.  It has technical advantages as well, such as supporting a variety of languages, not just C++.  But its main purpose was freedom: not to require the use of any nonfree software.
hr: GNOME, GNU Network Object Model Environment, je desktop projekt GNU-a. Miguel de Icaza ga je započeo u 1997., i bio je razvijan sa podrškom Red Hat Software-a, GNOME je krenuo obezbjediti slična desktop postrojenja, ali ekskluzivno korištenjem slobodnog softvera. Ima i tehničke prednosti, kao što su podrška za razne jezike, ne samo C++. Ali njegov glavni cilj je bila sloboda: da se ne zahtijeva korištenje neslobodnog softvera.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it possible to run KDE software without using Qt.
hr: Harmony je kompatibilna zamjenska biblioteka, dizajnirana da omogući pokretanje KDE softvera bez korištenja Qt-a.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: How will we respond to the next tempting nonfree library? Will the whole community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will many of us give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major problem? Our future depends on our philosophy.
hr: Kako ćemo odgovoriti na slijedeću primamljivu neslobodnu biblioteku? Da li će cijela zajednica shvatiti potrebu da se ne upadne u zamku? Ili će mnogi od nas odustati od slobode zbog pogodnosti, i napraviti veliki problem? Naša budućnost ovisi o našoj filozofiji.

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: Software patents
hr: Softverski patenti

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with free software anyway.  We will manage to get work done without the patented features.  But those who value free software because they expect it to be technically superior are likely to call it a failure when a patent holds it back.  Thus, while it is useful to talk about the practical effectiveness of the &ldquo;bazaar&rdquo; model of development, and the reliability and power of some free software, we must not stop there.  We must talk about freedom and principle.
hr: Oni među nama koji vrednuju slobodni softver zbog slobode će ostati svejedno upotrebljavati slobodni softver. Uspjeti ćemo napraviti posao bez patentiranih značajki. Ali oni koji vrednuju slobodni softver jer očekuju da bude tehnički superioran će vjerojatno nazvati to neuspjehom kada patent ograničava softver. Dakle, dok je korisno govoriti o praktičnoj efektivnosti &ldquo;bazar&rdquo; modela razvoja, i o pouzdanosti i moći nekog slobodnog softvera, ne smijemo se zaustaviti na tome. Moramo govoriti o slobodi i principu.

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: Free documentation
hr: Slobodna dokumentacija

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the software&mdash;it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in our systems.  Documentation is an essential part of any software package; when an important free software package does not come with a good free manual, that is a major gap.  We have many such gaps today.
hr: Najveći nedostatak naših slobodnih operativnih sustava nije u softveru&mdash;nego u nedostatku dobrih slobodnih priručnika koje možemo uključiti u naše sustave. Dokumentacija je suštinski dio svakog softverskog paketa; kada važan paket slobodnog softvera ne dođe sa dobrim slobodnim priručnikom, to je velik propust. Danas imamo mnoge takve praznine.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not price.  The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.  Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, online and on paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program.
hr: Slobodna dokumentacija, kao i slobodni softver, je stvar slobode, a ne cijene. Kriterij za slobodni priručnik je uglavnom isti kao i za slobodni softver: stvar je u davanju svim korisnicima određene slobode. Ponovna distribucija (uključujući i komercijalnu prodaju) mora biti dopuštena, na mreži i na papiru, tako da priručnik može popratiti svaku kopiju programa.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Permission for modification is crucial too.  As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books.  For example, I don't think you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this one, which describe our actions and our views.
hr: Dozvola za izmjenu je isto presudna. Kao općenito pravilo, ne vjerujem da je bitno za ljude da imaju dozvolu da izmjenjuju članke i knjige svake vrste. Na primjer, ne mislim da smo vi ili ja dužni dati dozvolu da se izmjenjuju članci poput ovoga, koji opisuju naša djela i naša gledišta.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial for documentation for free software.  When people exercise their right to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are conscientious they will change the manual, too&mdash;so they can provide accurate and usable documentation with the modified program.  A nonfree manual, which does not allow programmers to be conscientious and finish the job, does not fill our community's needs.
hr: Ali postoji partikularni razlog zašto je sloboda izmijene presudna za dokumentaciju slobodnog softvera. Kada ljudi prakticiraju svoje pravo da izmijene softver, i dodaju ili izmijene neke njegove značajke, ako su savjesni oni će isto izmijeniti i priručnik&mdash;tako da mogu obezbjediti točnu i upotrebljivu dokumentaciju sa izmijenjenim programom. Neslobodni priručnik, koji ne dozvoljava programerima da budu savjesni i da dovrše posao, ne dopunjuje potrebe naše zajednice.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem.  For example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK.  It is also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical topics.  These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because they don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the manual to fit the modified program.  In other words, they don't block the free software community from making full use of the manual.
hr: Neke određene granice na to kako se izmijene rade ne predstavljaju problem. Na primjer, zahtjevi da se očuvaju originalna autorova bilješka o autorskim pravima, distribucijska pravila, ili lista autora, su u redu. Isto tako nije problem da se zahtijeva da izmijenjene verzije uključuju bilješku da su bile izmijenjene, čak i da imaju cijele odjeljke koji mogu biti izbrisani ili promijenjeni, sve dok se ti odjeljci drže ne-tehničkih tema. Te vrste restrikcija nisu problem jer ne zaustavljaju savjesnog programera da prilagodi priručnik tako da odgovara izmijenjenom programu. Drugim riječima, ne zaustavljaju zajednicu oko slobodnog softvera da dobije cijelu korist od priručnika.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em> content of the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media, through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do obstruct the community, the manual is not free, and we need another manual.
hr: Međutim, mora biti moguće izmijeniti cijeli <em>tehnički</em> sadržaj priručnika, i tada distribuirati rezultat na svim uobičajenim medijima, kroz sve uobičajene kanale; u suprotnom, restrikcije ometaju zajednicu, priručnik nije slobodan, i trebamo drugi priručnik.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Will free software developers have the awareness and determination to produce a full spectrum of free manuals? Once again, our future depends on philosophy.
hr: Da li će developeri slobodnog softvera imati svjesnost i determinaciju da produciraju cijeli spektar slobodnih priručnika? Još jednom, naša budućnost ovisi o filozofiji.

note: type: Content of: <div><h3>
en: We must talk about freedom
hr: Moramo govoriti o slobodi

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The good consequences of this are evident: more interest in developing free software, more customers for free software businesses, and more ability to encourage companies to develop commercial free software instead of proprietary software products.
hr: Dobre posljedice toga su očite: više interesa za razvoj slobodnog softvera, više klijenata za poslove slobodnog softvera, i više sposobnosti da se ohrabre kompanije da razvijaju komercijalni slobodni softver umjesto vlasničkih softverskih proizvoda.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: But interest in the software is growing faster than awareness of the philosophy it is based on, and this leads to trouble.  Our ability to meet the challenges and threats described above depends on the will to stand firm for freedom.  To make sure our community has this will, we need to spread the idea to the new users as they come into the community.
hr: Ali interes za softver raste brže nego svjesnost filozofije na kojoj je utemeljen, i to vodi u nevolju. Naša sposobnost da se suočimo sa izazovima i prijetnjama opisanima iznad ovisi o volji da ostanemo čvrsto za slobodu. Da bi osigurali da naša zajednica ima tu volju, moramo raširiti tu ideju među novim korisnicima kako oni dolaze u našu zajednicu.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: But we are failing to do so: the efforts to attract new users into our community are far outstripping the efforts to teach them the civics of our community.  We need to do both, and we need to keep the two efforts in balance.
hr: Ali nismo uspješni u tome: napori da se privuku novi korisnici u našu zajednicu daleko nadmašuju napore da ih podučimo pravima i dužnostima naše zajednice. Moramo napraviti oboje, i moramo držati ta dva napora u ravnoteži.

note: type: Content of: <div><h3>
en: &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo;
hr: &ldquo;Otvoreni izvorni kod&rdquo;

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Teaching new users about freedom became more difficult in 1998, when a part of the community decided to stop using the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; and say &ldquo;open source software&rdquo; instead.
hr: Podučavanje novih korisnika o slobodi je postalo teže u 1998, kada je dio zajednice odlučio prestati koristiti termin &ldquo;slobodan softver&rdquo; i reći &ldquo;softver otvorenog izvornog koda&rdquo; umjesto toga.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of &ldquo;free&rdquo; with &ldquo;gratis&rdquo;&mdash;a valid goal.  Others, however, aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated the free software movement and the GNU Project, and to appeal instead to executives and business users, many of whom hold an ideology that places profit above freedom, above community, above principle.  Thus, the rhetoric of &ldquo;open source&rdquo; focuses on the potential to make high-quality, powerful software, but shuns the ideas of freedom, community, and principle.
hr: Neki koji favoriziraju taj termin ciljali su da izbjegnu konfuziju &ldquo;slobodnog&rdquo; sa &ldquo;besplatnog&rdquo;&mdash;valjani cilj. Drugi, međutim, su ciljali da stave na stranu duh principa koji je motivirao pokret slobodnog softvera i GNU projekt, i umjesto toga napraviti priziv izvršnim i poslovnim korisnicima, mnogi od kojih drže ideologiju koja stavlja profit iznad slobode, iznad zajednice, iznad principa. Tako, retorika &ldquo;otvorenog izvornog koda&rdquo; fokusira na potencijal da se napravi visoko kvalitetan, moćan softver, ali izbjegava ideje slobode, zajednice i principa.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; magazines are a clear example of this&mdash;they are filled with advertisements for proprietary software that works with GNU/Linux.  When the next Motif or Qt appears, will these magazines warn programmers to stay away from it, or will they run ads for it?
hr: &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; časopisi su jasan primjer toga&mdash;puni su oglasa za vlasnički softver koji radi sa GNU/Linux-om. Kada se pojavi slijedeći Motif ili Qt, da li će ti časopisi upozoriti programere da udalje od toga, ili će raditi reklame za to?

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The support of business can contribute to the community in many ways; all else being equal, it is useful.  But winning their support by speaking even less about freedom and principle can be disastrous; it makes the previous imbalance between outreach and civics education even worse.
hr: Podrška poslovnog dijela može pridonijeti zajednici na mnoge načine; sve drugo jednako, korisno je. Ali dobivanje njihove podrške govoreći još manje o slobodi i principu može biti katastrofalno; radi ranije spomenutu neravnotežu između dosega prema novim korisnicima i edukaciji o pravima i dužnostima još gorom.

note: type: Content of: <div><h3>
en: Try!
hr: Pokušajte!

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en: Yoda's aphorism (&ldquo;There is no &lsquo;try&rsquo;&rdquo;) sounds neat, but it doesn't work for me.  I have done most of my work while anxious about whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be enough to achieve the goal if I did.  But I tried anyway, because there was no one but me between the enemy and my city.  Surprising myself, I have sometimes succeeded.
hr: Aforizam Yode (&ldquo;Ne postoji &lsquo;pokušaj&rsquo;&rdquo;) zvuči lijepo, ali ne radi za mene. Napravio sam većinu svoga rada dok sam bio tjeskoban oko toga da li ću moći napraviti posao, ako da, nesiguran da li će to biti dovoljno da dosegnem cilj. Ali pokušao sam svejedno, jer nije bilo nikoga osim mene između neprijatelja i mojeg grada. Iznenađujući sebe, ponekad sam uspio.

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en: Sometimes I failed; some of my cities have fallen.  Then I found another threatened city, and got ready for another battle.  Over time, I've learned to look for threats and put myself between them and my city, calling on other hackers to come and join me.
hr: Ponekad nisam uspio; neki od mojih gradova su pali. Tada sam našao drugi grad pod prijetnjom, i pripremio se za još jednu bitku. Vremenom, naučio sam tražiti prijetnje i staviti sebe između njih i mojeg grada, prizivajući druge hakere da dođu i da se pridruže.

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en: Nowadays, often I'm not the only one.  It is a relief and a joy when I see a regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realize, this city may survive&mdash;for now.  But the dangers are greater each year, and now Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community.  We can't take the future of freedom for granted.  Don't take it for granted! If you want to keep your freedom, you must be prepared to defend it.
hr: U današnje vrijeme, često nisam jedini. Olakšanje je i radost kada vidim puk hakera kako kopaju da bi zadržali vod, i shvatim, ovaj grad možda preživi&mdash;zasada. Ali opasnosti su sve veće svake godine, i sada je Microsoft specifično naciljao našu zajednicu. Ne možemo uzeti budućnost slobode zdravo za gotovo. Ne uzimajte je zdravo za gotovo! Ako želite zadržati svoju slobodu, morati biti pripremljeni da je branite.

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en: Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
hr: Molim vas šaljite općenite FSF &amp; GNU upite na <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.  Postoje isto i <a href="/contact/">drugi načini kontaktiranja</a> FSF-a. Prekinute poveznice i drugi ispravci ili prijedlozi mogu biti poslani na <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.

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en: This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.
hr: Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons Imenovanje-Bez prerada 4.0 međunarodna</a>.

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en: *GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*
hr: <b>Prijevod</b>: Marin Rameša, 2013.

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en: Updated:
hr: Zadnji put promijenjeno:
