msgid "" "Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software " "Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Categories of Free and Nonfree Software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><object> msgid "" "<object type=\"image/svg+xml\" data=\"/philosophy/category.svg\" title=\" " "[Categories of software] \" width=\"680\" height=\"645\">" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'alt' of: <div><div><object><img> msgid "[Categories of software]" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "</object>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This diagram explains the different categories of software. It is available " "as <a href=\"/philosophy/category.svg\">SVG</a> and <a " "href=\"/philosophy/category.png\">PNG</a> images, under the terms of the <a " "href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\" " "rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 " "International</a> license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Note: the diagram is clickable if your browser completely supports the SVG " "format." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Also see <a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html\"> Confusing Words which " "You Might Want to Avoid</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Free software is software that comes with permission for anyone to use, " "copy, and/or distribute, either verbatim or with modifications, either " "gratis or for a fee. In particular, this means that source code must be " "available. “If it's not source, it's not software.” This is a " "simplified description; see also the <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">full definition</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If a program is free, then it can potentially be included in a free " "operating system such as GNU, or free versions of the <a " "href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux system</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There are many different ways to make a program free—many questions of " "detail, which could be decided in more than one way and still make the " "program free. Some of the possible variations are described below. For " "information on specific free software licenses, see the <a " "href=\"/licenses/license-list.html\">license list</a> page." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But proprietary software " "companies typically use the term “free software” to refer to " "price. Sometimes they mean that you can obtain a binary copy at no charge; " "sometimes they mean that a copy is bundled with a computer that you are " "buying, and the price includes both. Either way, it has nothing to do with " "what we mean by free software in the GNU project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Because of this potential confusion, when a software company says its " "product is free software, always check the actual distribution terms to see " "whether users really have all the freedoms that free software " "implies. Sometimes it really is free software; sometimes it isn't." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many languages have two separate words for “free” as in freedom " "and “free” as in zero price. For example, French has " "“libre” and “gratuit.” Not so English; there is a " "word “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but no common " "adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So if you are speaking " "another language, we suggest you translate “free” into your " "language to make it clearer. See our list of <a href= " "\"/philosophy/fs-translations.html\"> translations of the term “free " "software”</a> into various other languages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Free software is often <a href=\"/software/reliability.html\">more " "reliable</a> than nonfree software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Open source software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The term “open source” software is used by some people to mean " "more or less the same category as free software. It is not exactly the same " "class of software: they accept some licenses that we consider too " "restrictive, and there are free software licenses they have not " "accepted. However, the differences in extension of the category are small: " "we know of only a few cases of source code that is open source but not " "free. In principle it could happen that some free programs are rejected as " "open source, but we don't know if that has ever happened." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We prefer the term “<a " "href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">free " "software</a>” because it refers to freedom—something that the " "term “open source“ does not do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Public domain software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If the source " "code is in the public domain, that is a special case of <a " "href=\"#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\">noncopylefted free software</a>, which " "means that some copies or modified versions may not be free at all." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In some cases, an executable program can be in the public domain but the " "source code is not available. This is not free software, because free " "software requires accessibility of source code. Meanwhile, most free " "software is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted, and the copyright " "holders have legally given permission for everyone to use it in freedom, " "using a free software license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sometimes people use the term “public domain” in a loose fashion " "to mean <a href=\"#FreeSoftware\">“free”</a> or “available " "gratis.” However, “public domain” is a legal term and " "means, precisely, “not copyrighted.” For clarity, we recommend " "using “public domain” for that meaning only, and using other " "terms to convey the other meanings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have signed, anything " "written down is automatically copyrighted. This includes " "programs. Therefore, if you want a program you have written to be in the " "public domain, you must take some legal steps to disclaim the copyright on " "it; otherwise, the program is copyrighted." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Copylefted software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copylefted software is free software whose distribution terms ensure that " "all copies of all versions carry more or less the same distribution terms. " "This means, for instance, that copyleft licenses generally disallow others " "to add additional requirements to the software (though a limited set of safe " "added requirements can be allowed) and require making source code " "available. This shields the program, and its modified versions, from some " "of the common ways of making a program proprietary." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block other means of " "turning software proprietary, such as <a " "href=\"/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html\">tivoization</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In the GNU Project, we copyleft almost all the software we write, because " "our goal is to give <em>every</em> user the freedoms implied by the term " "“free software.” See our <a " "href=\"/licenses/copyleft.html\">copyleft article</a> for more explanation " "of how copyleft works and why we use it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyleft is a general concept; to copyleft an actual program, you need to " "use a specific set of distribution terms. There are many possible ways to " "write copyleft distribution terms, so in principle there can be many " "copyleft free software licenses. However, in actual practice nearly all " "copylefted software uses the <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU General " "Public License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually " "“incompatible,” which means it is illegal to merge the code " "using one license with the code using the other license; therefore, it is " "good for the community if people use a single copyleft license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Noncopylefted free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with permission to " "redistribute and modify, and also to add additional restrictions to it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies or modified " "versions may not be free at all. A software company can compile the program, " "with or without modifications, and distribute the executable file as a <a " "href=\"#ProprietarySoftware\">proprietary</a> software product." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The <a href=\"https://www.x.org/wiki/\">X Window System</a> illustrates " "this. The X Consortium released X11 with distribution terms that made it " "noncopylefted free software, and subsequent developers have mostly followed " "the same practice. A copy which has those distribution terms is free " "software. However, there are nonfree versions as well, and there are (or at " "least were) popular workstations and PC graphics boards for which nonfree " "versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this hardware, X11 " "is not free software for you. <a href=\"/philosophy/x.html\">The developers " "of X11 even made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to do this " "because others had contributed their code under the same noncopyleft " "license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Lax permissive licensed software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the <a " "href=\"/licenses/bsd.html\">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses permit " "almost any use of the code, including distributing proprietary binaries with " "or without changing the source code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "GPL-covered software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU GPL (General Public License)</a> is " "one specific set of distribution terms for copylefting a program. The GNU " "Project uses it as the distribution terms for most GNU software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore an error." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "The GNU operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The <a href=\"/gnu/gnu.html\">GNU operating system</a> is the Unix-like " "operating system, which is entirely free software, that we in the GNU " "Project have developed since 1984." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A Unix-like operating system consists of many programs. The GNU system " "includes all of the <a href=\"#GNUsoftware\">official GNU packages</a>. It " "also includes many other packages, such as the X Window System and TeX, " "which are not GNU software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The first test release of the complete GNU system was in 1996. This " "includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since 1990. In 2001 the GNU " "system (including the GNU Hurd) began working fairly reliably, but the Hurd " "still lacks some important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile, " "the <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux system</a>, an offshoot of " "the GNU operating system which uses Linux as the kernel instead of the GNU " "Hurd, has been a great success since the 90s. As this shows, the GNU system " "is not a single static set of programs; users and distributors may select " "different packages according to their needs and desires. The result is " "still a variant of the GNU system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single component in the GNU " "operating system is free software. They don't all have to be copylefted, " "however; any kind of free software is legally suitable to include if it " "helps meet technical goals." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "GNU programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“GNU programs” is equivalent to <a href=\"#GNUsoftware\">GNU " "software.</a> A program Foo is a GNU program if it is GNU software. We also " "sometimes say it is a “GNU package.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "GNU software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<a href=\"/software/software.html\">GNU software</a> is software that is " "released under the auspices of the <a href=\"/gnu/gnu.html\">GNU " "Project</a>. If a program is GNU software, we also say that it is a GNU " "program or a GNU package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say " "it is one. Also, the Free Software Directory <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU\">identifies and lists</a> all GNU " "packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most GNU software is <a href= \"/licenses/copyleft.html\">copylefted</a>, " "but not all; however, all GNU software must be <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">free software</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some GNU software was written by <a " "href=\"https://www.fsf.org/about/staff/\">staff</a> of the <a " "href=\"https://www.fsf.org/\">Free Software Foundation</a>, but most GNU " "software comes from many <a href=\"/people/people.html\">volunteers</a>. " "(Some of these volunteers are paid by companies or universities, but they " "are volunteers for us.) Some contributed software is copyrighted by the " "Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the contributors who wrote " "it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "FSF-copyrighted GNU software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright to the FSF, or " "they can keep it. The choice is theirs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If they have transferred the copyright to the FSF, the program is " "FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce its license. If they " "have kept the copyright, enforcing the license is their responsibility." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The FSF does not accept copyright assignments of software that is not an " "official GNU package, as a rule." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Nonfree software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Nonfree software is any software that is not free. Its use, redistribution " "or modification is prohibited, or requires you to ask for permission, or is " "restricted so much that you effectively can't do it freely." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Proprietary software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software. In the past we " "subdivided nonfree software into “semifree software,” which " "could be modified and redistributed noncommercially, and “proprietary " "software,” which could not be. But we have dropped that distinction " "and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with nonfree " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The Free Software Foundation follows the rule that we cannot install any " "proprietary program on our computers except temporarily for the specific " "purpose of writing a free replacement for that very program. Aside from " "that, we feel there is no possible excuse for installing a proprietary " "program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our computer in the " "1980s, because we were using it to write a free replacement for " "Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are available, the excuse is no " "longer applicable; we do not use any nonfree operating systems, and any new " "computer we install must run a completely free operating system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have to live by " "this rule. It is a rule we made for ourselves. But we hope you will follow " "it too, for your freedom's sake." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Freeware" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The term “freeware” has no clear accepted definition, but it is " "commonly used for packages which permit redistribution but not modification " "(and their source code is not available). These packages are <em>not</em> " "free software, so please don't use “freeware” to refer to free " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Shareware" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to redistribute " "copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a copy is " "<em>required</em> to pay a license fee." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two reasons it " "is not:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "For most shareware, source code is not available; thus, you cannot modify " "the program at all." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "Shareware does not come with permission to make a copy and install it " "without paying a license fee, not even for individuals engaging in nonprofit " "activity. (In practice, people often disregard the distribution terms and do " "this anyway, but the terms don't permit it.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Private software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Private or custom software is software developed for one user (typically an " "organization or company). That user keeps it and uses it, and does not " "release it to the public either as source code or as binaries." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A private program is free software (in a somewhat trivial sense) if its sole " "user has the four freedoms. In particular, if the user has full rights to " "the private program, the program is free. However, if the user distributes " "copies to others and does not provide the four freedoms with those copies, " "those copies are not free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Free software is a matter of freedom, not access. In general we do not " "believe it is wrong to develop a program and not release it. There are " "occasions when a program is so important that one might argue that " "withholding it from the public is doing wrong to humanity. However, such " "cases are rare. Most programs are not that important, and declining to " "release them is not particularly wrong. Thus, there is no conflict between " "the development of private or custom software and the principles of the free " "software movement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Nearly all employment for programmers is in development of custom software; " "therefore most programming jobs are, or could be, done in a way compatible " "with the free software movement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Commercial software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Commercial” and “proprietary” are not the same! " "Commercial software is software developed by a business as part of its " "business. Most commercial software is <a " "href=\"#ProprietarySoftware\">proprietary</a>, but there is commercial free " "software, and there is noncommercial nonfree software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always distributed " "under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is free software; but its " "developers sell support contracts. When their salesmen speak to prospective " "customers, sometimes the customers say, “We would feel safer with a " "commercial compiler.” The salesmen reply, “GNU Ada <em>is</em> a " "commercial compiler; it happens to be free software.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For the GNU Project, the priorities are in the other order: the important " "thing is that GNU Ada is free software; that it is commercial is just a " "detail. However, the additional development of GNU Ada that results from its " "being commercial is definitely beneficial." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Please help spread the awareness that free commercial software is " "possible. You can do this by making an effort not to say " "“commercial” when you mean “proprietary.”" msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001-2005, 2007, 2009-2012, 2015, 2019, 2022, " "2023, 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: categories.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-02-15 13:55+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software " "Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Categories of Free and Nonfree Software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><object> msgid "" "<object type=\"image/svg+xml\" data=\"/philosophy/category.svg\" title=\" " "[Categories of software] \" width=\"680\" height=\"645\">" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'alt' of: <div><div><object><img> msgid "[Categories of software]" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "</object>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "This diagram explains the different categories of software. It is available " "as <a href=\"/philosophy/category.svg\">SVG</a> and <a " "href=\"/philosophy/category.png\">PNG</a> images, under the terms of the <a " "href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\" " "rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 " "International</a> license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Note: the diagram is clickable if your browser completely supports the SVG " "format." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Also see <a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html\"> Confusing Words which " "You Might Want to Avoid</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Free software is software that comes with permission for anyone to use, " "copy, and/or distribute, either verbatim or with modifications, either " "gratis or for a fee. In particular, this means that source code must be " "available. “If it's not source, it's not software.” This is a " "simplified description; see also the <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">full definition</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If a program is free, then it can potentially be included in a free " "operating system such as GNU, or free versions of the <a " "href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux system</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There are many different ways to make a program free—many questions of " "detail, which could be decided in more than one way and still make the " "program free. Some of the possible variations are described below. For " "information on specific free software licenses, see the <a " "href=\"/licenses/license-list.html\">license list</a> page." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But proprietary software " "companies typically use the term “free software” to refer to " "price. Sometimes they mean that you can obtain a binary copy at no charge; " "sometimes they mean that a copy is bundled with a computer that you are " "buying, and the price includes both. Either way, it has nothing to do with " "what we mean by free software in the GNU project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Because of this potential confusion, when a software company says its " "product is free software, always check the actual distribution terms to see " "whether users really have all the freedoms that free software " "implies. Sometimes it really is free software; sometimes it isn't." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Many languages have two separate words for “free” as in freedom " "and “free” as in zero price. For example, French has " "“libre” and “gratuit.” Not so English; there is a " "word “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but no common " "adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So if you are speaking " "another language, we suggest you translate “free” into your " "language to make it clearer. See our list of <a href= " "\"/philosophy/fs-translations.html\"> translations of the term “free " "software”</a> into various other languages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Free software is often <a href=\"/software/reliability.html\">more " "reliable</a> than nonfree software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Open source software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The term “open source” software is used by some people to mean " "more or less the same category as free software. It is not exactly the same " "class of software: they accept some licenses that we consider too " "restrictive, and there are free software licenses they have not " "accepted. However, the differences in extension of the category are small: " "we know of only a few cases of source code that is open source but not " "free. In principle it could happen that some free programs are rejected as " "open source, but we don't know if that has ever happened." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We prefer the term “<a " "href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">free " "software</a>” because it refers to freedom—something that the " "term “open source“ does not do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Public domain software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If the source " "code is in the public domain, that is a special case of <a " "href=\"#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\">noncopylefted free software</a>, which " "means that some copies or modified versions may not be free at all." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In some cases, an executable program can be in the public domain but the " "source code is not available. This is not free software, because free " "software requires accessibility of source code. Meanwhile, most free " "software is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted, and the copyright " "holders have legally given permission for everyone to use it in freedom, " "using a free software license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sometimes people use the term “public domain” in a loose fashion " "to mean <a href=\"#FreeSoftware\">“free”</a> or “available " "gratis.” However, “public domain” is a legal term and " "means, precisely, “not copyrighted.” For clarity, we recommend " "using “public domain” for that meaning only, and using other " "terms to convey the other meanings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have signed, anything " "written down is automatically copyrighted. This includes " "programs. Therefore, if you want a program you have written to be in the " "public domain, you must take some legal steps to disclaim the copyright on " "it; otherwise, the program is copyrighted." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Copylefted software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copylefted software is free software whose distribution terms ensure that " "all copies of all versions carry more or less the same distribution terms. " "This means, for instance, that copyleft licenses generally disallow others " "to add additional requirements to the software (though a limited set of safe " "added requirements can be allowed) and require making source code " "available. This shields the program, and its modified versions, from some " "of the common ways of making a program proprietary." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block other means of " "turning software proprietary, such as <a " "href=\"/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html\">tivoization</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In the GNU Project, we copyleft almost all the software we write, because " "our goal is to give <em>every</em> user the freedoms implied by the term " "“free software.” See our <a " "href=\"/licenses/copyleft.html\">copyleft article</a> for more explanation " "of how copyleft works and why we use it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyleft is a general concept; to copyleft an actual program, you need to " "use a specific set of distribution terms. There are many possible ways to " "write copyleft distribution terms, so in principle there can be many " "copyleft free software licenses. However, in actual practice nearly all " "copylefted software uses the <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU General " "Public License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually " "“incompatible,” which means it is illegal to merge the code " "using one license with the code using the other license; therefore, it is " "good for the community if people use a single copyleft license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Noncopylefted free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with permission to " "redistribute and modify, and also to add additional restrictions to it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies or modified " "versions may not be free at all. A software company can compile the program, " "with or without modifications, and distribute the executable file as a <a " "href=\"#ProprietarySoftware\">proprietary</a> software product." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The <a href=\"https://www.x.org/wiki/\">X Window System</a> illustrates " "this. The X Consortium released X11 with distribution terms that made it " "noncopylefted free software, and subsequent developers have mostly followed " "the same practice. A copy which has those distribution terms is free " "software. However, there are nonfree versions as well, and there are (or at " "least were) popular workstations and PC graphics boards for which nonfree " "versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this hardware, X11 " "is not free software for you. <a href=\"/philosophy/x.html\">The developers " "of X11 even made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to do this " "because others had contributed their code under the same noncopyleft " "license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Lax permissive licensed software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the <a " "href=\"/licenses/bsd.html\">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses permit " "almost any use of the code, including distributing proprietary binaries with " "or without changing the source code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "GPL-covered software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU GPL (General Public License)</a> is " "one specific set of distribution terms for copylefting a program. The GNU " "Project uses it as the distribution terms for most GNU software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore an error." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "The GNU operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The <a href=\"/gnu/gnu.html\">GNU operating system</a> is the Unix-like " "operating system, which is entirely free software, that we in the GNU " "Project have developed since 1984." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A Unix-like operating system consists of many programs. The GNU system " "includes all of the <a href=\"#GNUsoftware\">official GNU packages</a>. It " "also includes many other packages, such as the X Window System and TeX, " "which are not GNU software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The first test release of the complete GNU system was in 1996. This " "includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since 1990. In 2001 the GNU " "system (including the GNU Hurd) began working fairly reliably, but the Hurd " "still lacks some important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile, " "the <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux system</a>, an offshoot of " "the GNU operating system which uses Linux as the kernel instead of the GNU " "Hurd, has been a great success since the 90s. As this shows, the GNU system " "is not a single static set of programs; users and distributors may select " "different packages according to their needs and desires. The result is " "still a variant of the GNU system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single component in the GNU " "operating system is free software. They don't all have to be copylefted, " "however; any kind of free software is legally suitable to include if it " "helps meet technical goals." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "GNU programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“GNU programs” is equivalent to <a href=\"#GNUsoftware\">GNU " "software.</a> A program Foo is a GNU program if it is GNU software. We also " "sometimes say it is a “GNU package.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "GNU software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<a href=\"/software/software.html\">GNU software</a> is software that is " "released under the auspices of the <a href=\"/gnu/gnu.html\">GNU " "Project</a>. If a program is GNU software, we also say that it is a GNU " "program or a GNU package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say " "it is one. Also, the Free Software Directory <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU\">identifies and lists</a> all GNU " "packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most GNU software is <a href= \"/licenses/copyleft.html\">copylefted</a>, " "but not all; however, all GNU software must be <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">free software</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some GNU software was written by <a " "href=\"https://www.fsf.org/about/staff/\">staff</a> of the <a " "href=\"https://www.fsf.org/\">Free Software Foundation</a>, but most GNU " "software comes from many <a href=\"/people/people.html\">volunteers</a>. " "(Some of these volunteers are paid by companies or universities, but they " "are volunteers for us.) Some contributed software is copyrighted by the " "Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the contributors who wrote " "it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "FSF-copyrighted GNU software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright to the FSF, or " "they can keep it. The choice is theirs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If they have transferred the copyright to the FSF, the program is " "FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce its license. If they " "have kept the copyright, enforcing the license is their responsibility." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The FSF does not accept copyright assignments of software that is not an " "official GNU package, as a rule." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Nonfree software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Nonfree software is any software that is not free. Its use, redistribution " "or modification is prohibited, or requires you to ask for permission, or is " "restricted so much that you effectively can't do it freely." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Proprietary software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software. In the past we " "subdivided nonfree software into “semifree software,” which " "could be modified and redistributed noncommercially, and “proprietary " "software,” which could not be. But we have dropped that distinction " "and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with nonfree " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The Free Software Foundation follows the rule that we cannot install any " "proprietary program on our computers except temporarily for the specific " "purpose of writing a free replacement for that very program. Aside from " "that, we feel there is no possible excuse for installing a proprietary " "program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our computer in the " "1980s, because we were using it to write a free replacement for " "Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are available, the excuse is no " "longer applicable; we do not use any nonfree operating systems, and any new " "computer we install must run a completely free operating system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have to live by " "this rule. It is a rule we made for ourselves. But we hope you will follow " "it too, for your freedom's sake." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Freeware" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The term “freeware” has no clear accepted definition, but it is " "commonly used for packages which permit redistribution but not modification " "(and their source code is not available). These packages are <em>not</em> " "free software, so please don't use “freeware” to refer to free " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Shareware" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to redistribute " "copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a copy is " "<em>required</em> to pay a license fee." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two reasons it " "is not:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "For most shareware, source code is not available; thus, you cannot modify " "the program at all." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "Shareware does not come with permission to make a copy and install it " "without paying a license fee, not even for individuals engaging in nonprofit " "activity. (In practice, people often disregard the distribution terms and do " "this anyway, but the terms don't permit it.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Private software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Private or custom software is software developed for one user (typically an " "organization or company). That user keeps it and uses it, and does not " "release it to the public either as source code or as binaries." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A private program is free software (in a somewhat trivial sense) if its sole " "user has the four freedoms. In particular, if the user has full rights to " "the private program, the program is free. However, if the user distributes " "copies to others and does not provide the four freedoms with those copies, " "those copies are not free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Free software is a matter of freedom, not access. In general we do not " "believe it is wrong to develop a program and not release it. There are " "occasions when a program is so important that one might argue that " "withholding it from the public is doing wrong to humanity. However, such " "cases are rare. Most programs are not that important, and declining to " "release them is not particularly wrong. Thus, there is no conflict between " "the development of private or custom software and the principles of the free " "software movement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Nearly all employment for programmers is in development of custom software; " "therefore most programming jobs are, or could be, done in a way compatible " "with the free software movement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Commercial software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Commercial” and “proprietary” are not the same! " "Commercial software is software developed by a business as part of its " "business. Most commercial software is <a " "href=\"#ProprietarySoftware\">proprietary</a>, but there is commercial free " "software, and there is noncommercial nonfree software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always distributed " "under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is free software; but its " "developers sell support contracts. When their salesmen speak to prospective " "customers, sometimes the customers say, “We would feel safer with a " "commercial compiler.” The salesmen reply, “GNU Ada <em>is</em> a " "commercial compiler; it happens to be free software.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For the GNU Project, the priorities are in the other order: the important " "thing is that GNU Ada is free software; that it is commercial is just a " "detail. However, the additional development of GNU Ada that results from its " "being commercial is definitely beneficial." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Please help spread the awareness that free commercial software is " "possible. You can do this by making an effort not to say " "“commercial” when you mean “proprietary.”" msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001-2005, 2007, 2009-2012, 2015, 2019, 2022, " "2023, 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""