third-party-ideas.html - en to fr translation catalogue (132 entries)

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en: Third Party Ideas - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
fr: Idées de tierces personnes - Projet GNU - Free Software Foundation

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en: Third Party Ideas
fr: Idées de tierces personnes

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en: These articles give other people's philosophical opinions in support of free software, or related issues, and don't speak for the GNU Project&mdash;but we more or less agree with them.
fr: Ces articles donnent les opinions philosophiques d'autres personnes en faveur des logiciels libres, ou sur des sujets connexes. Ces personnes ne s'expriment pas au nom du projet GNU, mais nous sommes plus ou moins d'accord avec elles.<a id="TransNote1-rev" href="#TransNote1"><sup>1</sup></a>

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en: Many of the <a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations that Work for Freedom in Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a> also have philosophical opinions in support of free software, or related issues.
fr: De nombreuses <a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">organisations qui œuvrent pour la liberté dans le développement informatique et les communications électroniques</a> ont aussi des opinions philosophiques en faveur des logiciels libres ou sur des sujets connexes.

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en: Table of Contents
fr: Table des matières

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en: <a href="#extension">Extending the Free Software Idea to Other Areas</a>
fr: <a href="#extension">Extension des idées du logiciel libre à d'autres domaines</a>

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en: <a href="#upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</a>
fr: <a href="#upholding">Défense du logiciel libre</a>

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en: <a href="#licensing">Licensing Free Software</a>
fr: <a href="#licensing">Licences de logiciel libre</a>

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en: <a href="#laws">Legal Issues</a>
fr: <a href="#laws">Questions juridiques</a>

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en: <a href="#patents">Patents</a>
fr: <a href="#patents">Brevets</a>

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en: <a href="#noip">The propaganda term &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;</a>
fr: <a href="#noip">Le terme de propagande « propriété intellectuelle »</a>

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en: <a href="#sco">Response to SCO's attacks</a>
fr: <a href="#sco">Réponse aux attaques de SCO</a>

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en: <a href="#cultural">Cultural and Social Issues</a>
fr: <a href="#cultural">Enjeux culturels et sociétaux</a>

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en: <a href="#general">General</a>
fr: <a href="#general">Sujets généraux</a>

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en: <a href="#society">Digital society</a>
fr: <a href="#society">Société numérique</a>

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en: <a href="#access">Accessing culture</a>
fr: <a href="#access">Accès à la culture</a>

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en: <a href="#funding">Funding cultural works</a>
fr: <a href="#funding">Financement des œuvres culturelles</a>

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en: <a href="#drm">Digital restrictions management and treacherous computing</a>
fr: <a href="#drm">Gestion numérique des restrictions et informatique déloyale</a>

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en: <a href="#evils">Surveillance, censorship, lock-in, etc.</a>
fr: <a href="#evils">Surveillance, censure, verrouillage, etc.</a>

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en: <a href="#humor">Philosophical Humor</a>
fr: <a href="#humor">Humour philosophique</a>

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en: Extending the Free Software Idea to Other Areas
fr: Extension des idées du logiciel libre à d'autres domaines

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> *[2004]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://blog.jimmywales.com/index.php/archives/2004/10/21/free-knowledge-requires-free-software-and-free-file-formats/"> Free Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats</a> (by Jimmy Wales)  &mdash; This paper also explains why <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> needs to be free software.
fr: <i><a href="http://blog.jimmywales.com/index.php/archives/2004/10/21/free-knowledge-requires-free-software-and-free-file-formats/">Free Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats</a></i>, par Jimmy Wales – Cet article explique pourquoi le savoir libre nécessite des logiciels libres et des formats de fichiers libres. Il explique également pourquoi <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org">Wikipédia</a> a besoin d'être un logiciel libre.

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en: <a href="https://simplemachines.it/index.php/historical-projects/sim-one"> Sim.One hardware project</a> &mdash; This project of SimpleMachines has created free (as in freedom)  computer design specifications.
fr: <i><a href="https://simplemachines.it/index.php/historical-projects/sim-one">Sim.One hardware project</a></i> – Ce projet de SimpleMachines a créé des spécifications pour la conception d'ordinateurs libres.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2007]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/why-audio-format-matters.html"> Why Audio Format matters</a> (by Karl Fogel)
fr: <a href="/philosophy/why-audio-format-matters.html">De l'importance du format audio</a>, par Karl Fogel

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2001-2004]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221223329/http://www.piecepack.org/">Piecepack</a> &mdash; A set of boardgame pieces which everyone is free to use in creating or playing various types of games.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221223329/http://www.piecepack.org/">Piecepack</a></i> – Un ensemble de pions de jeux société que chacun est libre d'utiliser pour créer différents types de jeux ou y jouer.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1997]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.html"> Applying Copyleft To Non-Software Information</a> (by Michael Stutz)
fr: <a href="/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.html">Appliquer le copyleft à de l'information qui n'est pas du logiciel</a>, par Michael Stutz

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1994]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html"> The Free Music Philosophy</a> (by Ram Samudrala)
fr: <i><a href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html">The Free Music Philosophy</a></i> (La philosophie de la musique libre), par Ram Samudrala

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en: <a href="https://archive.org/details/ETC3140"> Tom Swift Lives!</a> (by Lee Felsenstein)  &mdash; The author designed a simple, easily repairable computer terminal.  With this &ldquo;Tom Swift Terminal,&rdquo; he tried to counteract the growing control over users that computer hardware manufacturers were gaining in the '70s. This practical goal is in line with the goals of free software, but the philosophy behind it (developed in Ivan Illich's <cite>Tools for Conviviality</cite>, Harper and Row, 1973) only has a very partial convergence with the free software idea.
fr: <i><a href="https://archive.org/details/ETC3140">Tom Swift Lives!</a></i> (Tom Swift est vivant), par Lee Felsenstein – L'auteur a conçu un terminal d'ordinateur simple et facilement réparable. Avec ce « terminal de Tom Swift », il essayait de contrecarrer le contrôle exercé par les fabricants d'ordinateurs sur les utilisateurs, de plus en plus prégnant dans les années 1970.

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en: Upholding Software Freedom
fr: Défense du logiciel libre

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2005]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: Penguin in the Pew (by Donald Parris), published by Lulu.com, ISBN 978-1-4116-3012-3 &mdash; Free software from a Christian perspective. An old version of the book is available as a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822161207/http://textbookrevolution.org/files/pitp.pdf"> PDF</a>.
fr: <cite>Penguin in the Pew</cite> (Le manchot sur le banc d'église) par Donald Parris, publié par Lulu.com, ISBN 978-1-4116-3012-3 – Le logiciel libre d'un point de vue chrétien. Une ancienne version de ce livre est disponible au format <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822161207/http://textbookrevolution.org/files/pitp.pdf">PDF</a>.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2005]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/8733c45a525ebcede867a9fb282398ca_lakhaniwolf.pdf"> Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects</a> (by Karim R. Lakhani and Robert G. Wolf)  &mdash; A research paper on the motivation of free software developers, which says that a considerable fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free.  This was despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.
fr: <i><a href="https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/8733c45a525ebcede867a9fb282398ca_lakhaniwolf.pdf">Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects</a></i> (Pourquoi les hackers font ce qu'ils font : comprendre la motivation et l'effort dans les projets de logiciel libre) par Karim R. Lakhani et Robert G. Wolf) – Cette recherche, menée sur SourceForge, montre que, dans une proportion considérable, les développeurs sont motivés par l'idée que le logiciel doit être libre. Et ce, bien que SourceForge ne soutienne pas l'idée qu'il s'agit d'un problème éthique.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2004]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7813">Bit Prepared II: Richard Stallman Meets the World Scout Bureau</a> (by Marco Fioretti)  &mdash; A discussion between Marco Fioretti, Ray Saunders and Richard Stallman about the similarities between the ideals of scouting and free software, and ways to uphold free software in scouting.
fr: <i><a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7813">Bit Prepared II: Richard Stallman Meets the World Scout Bureau</a></i>, par Marco Fioretti – Une entrevue de Richard Stallman avec le Bureau mondial du scoutisme (représenté par Marco Fioretti et Ray Saunders) sur les similarités entre les idéaux du scoutisme et du logiciel libre et sur les moyens de promouvoir le logiciel libre dans le scoutisme.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2002]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/~lxoliva/papers/free-software/selection-html/"> Competitive Advantages of Free Software</a> (by Alexandre Oliva)
fr: <i><a href="http://www.fsfla.org/~lxoliva/papers/free-software/selection-html/">The Competitive Advantages of Free Software</a></i> (Les avantages compétitifs du logiciel libre), par Alexandre Oliva

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2002]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030904102640/http://proposicion.org.ar/doc/gob/Conde-281102/index.html.en"> Senator Alberto Conde's answer to CESSI</a> (translated from Spanish)  &mdash; The <abbr title="Chamber of Software and Information Technology Services"> CESSI</abbr> had raised objections to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030204005052/http://www.proposicion.org.ar/proyecto/leyes/E-135.02-03/"> Bill E-135/02-03</a> (submitted by Senator Alberto Conde himself), which proposed the use of free software in the public sector for the province of Buenos Aires.
fr: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030904102640/http://proposicion.org.ar/doc/gob/Conde-281102/index.html.en">Réponse du Sénateur Alberto Conde à la CESSI</a> (en anglais, traduite de l'espagnol) – La <abbr title="Cámara de Empresas de Software y Servicios Informáticos - Chambre des entreprises de logiciel et des services informatiques">CESSI</abbr> avait soulevé des objections à la proposition de loi <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030204005052/http://www.proposicion.org.ar/proyecto/leyes/E-135.02-03/">E-135/02-03</a> (soumise par le Sénateur Alberto Conde lui-même) sur l'utilisation de logiciel libre dans le secteur public pour la province de Buenos-Aires.

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en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030207075039/http://www.pimientolinux.com/peru2ms/villanueva_to_ms.html"> Letter of Peruvian Congressman Dr. Edgar David Villanueva Nu&ntilde;ez to a Microsoft manager</a> &mdash; The Microsoft official had criticized the country's pending Free Software in Public Administration bill. This letter (translated from Spanish) does an excellent job of allaying concerns about free software often raised by Microsoft and others.
fr: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030207075039/http://www.pimientolinux.com/peru2ms/villanueva_to_ms.html">Lettre du député péruvien Dr Edgar David Villanueva Nu&ntilde;ez au directeur général de Microsoft Pérou</a> (en anglais, traduite de l'espagnol) – Le dirigeant de Microsoft avait exprimé son inquiétude au sujet d'une proposition de loi sur le logiciel libre dans l'administration publique. Cette lettre dissipe parfaitement les inquiétudes relatives au logiciel libre que Microsoft et d'autres mettent souvent en avant.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1999]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010410172314/http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html"> The GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social Movement</a> (by Michelle Bejian)
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010410172314/http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html">The GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social Movement</a></i> (Le site FTP du projet GNU : une collection de documents numériques en faveur d'un mouvement sociétal), par Michelle Bejian

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1999]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/software-libre-commercial-viability.html"> Software Libre and Commercial Viability</a> (by Alessandro Rubini)
fr: <a href="/philosophy/software-libre-commercial-viability.html">Logiciel libre et viabilité commerciale</a>, par Alessandro Rubini

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1997]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/free-world.html"> Only the Free World Can Stand Up to Microsoft</a> (by Tom Hull)
fr: <a href="/philosophy/free-world.html">Seul le monde du Libre peut résister à Microsoft</a>, par Tom Hull

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1960]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/367177.367178"> Letter to the editor of the Communications of the ACM [vol.3, no.4, pp.A12-A13]</a> (by Bernard Galler)  &mdash; As early as 1960, the author says in part (mentioning price, but clearly implying freedom):
fr: <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/367177.367178">Lettre à l'éditeur des <cite>Communications of the ACM</cite> (vol.3, no.4, pp.A12-A13)</a>, par Bernard Galler – Dès 1960, l'auteur dit entre autres (en mentionnant le prix, mais impliquant clairement la liberté) :

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en: <i>&hellip; it is clear that what is being charged for is the development of the program, and while I am particularly unhappy that it comes from a university, I believe it is damaging to the whole profession. There isn't a 704 installation that hasn't directly benefited from the free exchange of programs made possible by the distribution facilities of SHARE.  If we start to sell our programs, this will set very undesirable precedents.</i>
fr: <i>&hellip; it is clear that what is being charged for is the development of the program, and while I am particularly unhappy that it comes from a university, I believe it is damaging to the whole profession. There isn't a 704 installation that hasn't directly benefited from the free exchange of programs made possible by the distribution facilities of SHARE.  If we start to sell our programs, this will set very undesirable precedents.</i></p>
    
    <p>&hellip; il est clair que ce qui est facturé est le développement du programme et, tout en étant particulièrement mécontent que cela provienne d'une université, je pense que c'est dommageable pour l'ensemble de la profession. Il n'y a pas une installation 704 qui n'ait pas directement bénéficié du libre échange de programmes rendu possible par le système de distribution de SHARE. Si nous commençons à vendre nos programmes, cela créera des précédents très fâcheux.

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en: <small>(Thanks to Nelson Beebe for the reference.)</small>
fr: <small>(Merci à Nelson Beebe pour la référence.)</small>

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en: Licensing Free Software
fr: Licences de logiciel libre

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2008]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/vaccination.html"> Viral Code and Vaccination</a> (by Robert J. Chassell)
fr: <a href="/philosophy/vaccination.html">Code viral et vaccination</a>, par Robert J. Chassell

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2006]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Comparative-Ethical-Assessment-of-Free-Software-Chopra-Dexter/e85cbde10ed21ad05698a857f5018cb135c230c2"> A Comparative Ethical Assessment of Free Software Licensing Schemes</a> (by Samir Chopra and Scott Dexter)
fr: <i><a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Comparative-Ethical-Assessment-of-Free-Software-Chopra-Dexter/e85cbde10ed21ad05698a857f5018cb135c230c2">A Comparative Ethical Assessment of Free Software Licensing Schemes</a></i> (Une évaluation éthique comparative des combinaisons de licences de logiciel libre), par Samir Chopra et Scott Dexter

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2001]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010618050431/itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/pfindex.html"> Live and let license</a> (by Joe Barr)
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010618050431/itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/pfindex.html"> Live and let license</a></i> (Vivre et laisser mettre sous licence), par Joe Barr)

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2001]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030803114409/http://perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html"> Free Software Leaders Stand Together</a> &mdash; A joint statement, cosigned by Richard Stallman, responding to comments on the GPL by Craig Mundie, of Microsoft.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030803114409/http://perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html">Free Software Leaders Stand Together</a></i> (Des dirigeants du logiciel libre font front commun) – Déclaration conjointe, consignée par Richard Stallman, en réponse aux commentaires de Craig Mundie (Microsoft) sur la GPL.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2000]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a id="PatentgrantundertheGPL" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628063222/http://www.advogato.org/article/89.html"> GPL patent grant for 19 patents</a> (by Raph Levien)
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628063222/http://www.advogato.org/article/89.html" id="PatentgrantundertheGPL">GPL patent grant for 19 patents</a></i> (Licences pour 19 brevets associées à la GPL), par Raph Levien

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en: Legal Issues
fr: Questions juridiques

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en: Patents
fr: Brevets

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1999-2013]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120191825/http://www.freeprotocols.org/"> The Free Protocols Foundation</a> &mdash; An independent public forum (archived), dedicated to the support of patent-free protocols.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120191825/http://www.freeprotocols.org/">The Free Protocols Foundation</a></i> (Fondation pour les protocoles libres) – Un forum public indépendant (archivé) ayant pour objectif de soutenir les protocoles libres de tout brevet.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2004]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.juergen-ernst.de/info_swpat_en.html"> Software patents under the magnifying glass</a> (by Ernst Juergen)  &mdash; In this article, the author uses arguments based on lambda calculus to show why software cannot be patented.
fr: <i><a href="http://www.juergen-ernst.de/info_swpat_en.html">Software patents under the magnifying glass</a></i> (Les brevets logiciels à la loupe) – Dans cet article, l'auteur utilise des arguments basés sur le lambda-calcul pour montrer pourquoi les logiciels ne peuvent être brevetés.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2004]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/patent-practice-panel.html"> New Developments in Patent Practice: Assessing the Risks and Cost of Portfolio Licensing and Hold-ups</a> (by Daniel B. Ravicher, executive director of the Public Patent Foundation)  &mdash; Transcript of a panel presentation given on Wednesday, November 10, 2004, at a conference organized by the Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII) in Brussels, Belgium.
fr: <a href="/philosophy/patent-practice-panel.html">Nouveaux développements dans la pratique des brevets : évaluer les risques et les coûts d'un portefeuille de licences et des hold-ups dont il fait l'objet</a>, par Daniel B. Ravicher, directeur général de la <i>Public Patent Foundation</i> – transcription d'une présentation faite le mercredi 10 novembre 2004 à une table ronde du congrès organisé par la <i>Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure</i> (FFII) à Bruxelles, Belgique.

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en: <em>Note:</em>&nbsp; The GNU Project disagrees with the article's assumption that nonfree programs are morally legitimate competitors.
fr: <em>Note :</em> Le projet GNU rejette le présupposé de cette présentation, que les programmes non libres seraient des concurrents moralement légitimes.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2001-2004]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://fare.tunes.org/articles/patents.html"> Patents Are an Economic Absurdity</a> (by Far&eacute;)
fr: <i><a href="http://fare.tunes.org/articles/patents.html">Patents Are an Economic Absurdity</a></i> (Les brevets sont une absurdité économique), par Faré

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en: <em>Note:</em>&nbsp; This article adopts as a premise the popular view that free trade is desirable. We don't always agree&mdash;beyond a certain point; free trade gives businesses too much power, allowing them to intimidate democracy. But that is a different matter.
fr: <em>Note :</em> Cet article adopte comme prémisse la conception populaire que le libre-échange est souhaitable. Nous ne sommes pas toujours d'accord – au-delà d'un certain point, le libre-échange donne aux entreprises beaucoup trop de pouvoir, leur permettant d'intimider la démocratie. Mais ceci est un autre problème.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2001]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html"> Patent Reform Now!</a> (by Don Marti)  &mdash; A call on free software supporters to nominate Richard M. Stallman to the US Patent and Trademark Office's Patent Public Advisory Committee.
fr: <a href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html">Réformons les brevets logiciels maintenant !</a>, par Don Marti – Un appel aux partisans du logiciel libre pour qu'ils proposent Richard M. Stallman au <i>Patent Public Advisory Committee</i> (Comité consultatif public sur les brevets) de l'<abbr title="US Patent and Trademark Office">USPTO</abbr> (Office américain des brevets et des marques).

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2005&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240822132449/https://questioncopyright.org/"> QuestionCopyright.org</a> &mdash; A website about the history and effects of copyright, dedicated to raising awareness of the harmful consequences of today's copyright system.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240822132449/https://questioncopyright.org/">QuestionCopyright.org</a></i> – Un site web sur l'histoire et les effets du copyright, destiné à faire prendre conscience des conséquences dommageables du système de copyright actuel.

note: #set var='DATE' value="<span class='date-tag'> [2017&hellip;&nbsp;]</span>" #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://lumendatabase.org/"> The Lumen database</a> (formerly Chilling Effects)  &mdash; A collection point for cease and desist notices concerning online activity&mdash;we invite visitors to enter C&amp;Ds they have received or sent.  The website collects the C&amp;Ds in a searchable database and hyperlinks them to explanations of the legal issues.
fr: <i><a href="https://lumendatabase.org/">The Lumen database</a></i> (autrefois Chilling Effects) – Un lieu de collecte pour les ordonnances de cessation et d'abstention <i>[cease and desist notices]</i> concernant l'activité en ligne. Ce site rassemble les ordonnances de cessation et d'abstention dans une base de données, avec des liens vers les explications des problèmes juridiques qu'elles soulèvent. Nous invitons les visiteurs à y mettre les ordonnances de cessation et d'abstention qu'ils ont reçues ou envoyées.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2008]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.cato-unbound.org/2008/06/09/rasmus-fleischer/the-future-of-copyright/"> The Future of Copyright</a> (by Rasmus Fleischer)
fr: <i><a href="http://www.cato-unbound.org/2008/06/09/rasmus-fleischer/the-future-of-copyright/">The Future of Copyright</a></i> (L'avenir du copyright), par Rasmus Fleischer

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2002]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/progress.html"> What is Congress Supposed to Promote?</a> (by Malla Pollack)  &mdash; This article explains how the United States government's recent tendencies to provide maximum control to copyright holders defies the justification for establishment of copyright set out in the constitution.
fr: <i><a href="http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/progress.html">What is Congress Supposed to Promote?</a></i> (Qu'est-ce que le Congrès est censé promouvoir ?), par Malla Pollack – Cet article explique comment la tendance actuelle du gouvernement des États-Unis à donner aux détenteurs de copyright un contrôle de plus en plus grand défie la justification donnée par la constitution à la mise en place du copyright.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2001]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267848#PaperDownload">Locating Copyright Within the First Amendment Skein</a> (by Neil W. Netanel)  &mdash; The author argues that the United States court system has been wrong in its dated assumption that fair use eliminates the conflict between copyright law and the First Amendment.
fr: <i><a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267848#PaperDownload">Locating Copyright Within the First Amendment Skein</a></i> (Rechercher le copyright dans l'écheveau du Premier amendement), par Neil W. Netanel – L'auteur soutient que le système judiciaire des États-Unis a fait une erreur dans son hypothèse dépassée que « l'usage raisonnable » élimine le conflit entre le droit du copyright et le premier amendement.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2001]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/28/0121209&amp;mode=nocomment"> A book review of <cite>Digital Copyright</cite></a>
fr: <a href="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/28/0121209&amp;mode=nocomment">Une critique du livre <cite>Digital Copyright</cite></a>

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2000, 2017]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/maize/mpub9798641"> Digital Copyright</a> (by Jessica Littman), published by the University of Michigan Library
fr: <cite><a href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/maize/mpub9798641">Digital Copyright</a></cite> (Copyright numérique), par Jessica Littman, publié par la bibliothèque de l'Université du Michigan

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1999]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509191813/http://www.maui.net/%7Ezen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html"> The Manifesto: Piracy is Your Friend</a> (by Jaron Lanier)
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509191813/http://www.maui.net/%7Ezen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html">Piracy is your Friend</a></i> (Le piratage est votre ami), par Jaron Lanier

note: type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
en: <em>Note:</em>&nbsp; The GNU Project recommends <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">avoiding the term piracy</a> since it implies that sharing copies is somehow illegitimate.
fr: <em>Note :</em> le projet GNU recommande d'<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">éviter le terme « piratage »</a> parce qu'il implique que le partage de copies est en quelque sorte illégitime.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1999]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://old.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/anarchism.html"> Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright</a> (by Eben Moglen)
fr: <cite><a href="http://old.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/anarchism.html">Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright</a></cite> (L'anarchisme triomphant : le logiciel libre et la mort du copyright), par Eben Moglen

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2000]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.compilerpress.ca/Cultural%20Economics/Works/CPU%202000.htm"> Copyright C.P.U.</a> (by Harry Hillman Chartrand)  &mdash; This is a good summary of the history of copyright.
fr: <i><a href="http://www.compilerpress.ca/Cultural%20Economics/Works/CPU%202000.htm">Copyright C.P.U.</a></i>, par Harry Hillman Chartrand – Un bon résumé de l'histoire du copyright.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2000]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a id="ConceptofCopyrightFightsMarkoff" href="http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/05/biztech/articles/10digital.html"> The Concept of Copyright Fights for Internet Survival</a> (by John Markoff)
fr: <i><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/05/biztech/articles/10digital.html" id="ConceptofCopyrightFightsMarkoff">The Concept of Copyright Fights for Internet Survival</a></i> (Le concept de lutte contre le copyright pour la survie d'Internet), par John Markoff

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2000]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a id="TheRealPurposeOfCopyrightBerry" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150331194505/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2000/07/copyright/the-real-purpose-of-copyright/"> The Real Purpose of Copyright</a> (by John N. Berry III)
fr: <i><a id="TheRealPurposeOfCopyrightBerry" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150331194505/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2000/07/copyright/the-real-purpose-of-copyright/">The Real Purpose of Copyright</a></i> (L'objectif réel du copyright), par John N. Berry III

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2000]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://www.lewrockwell.com/2000/09/stephan-kinsella/in-defense-of-napster-and-against-the-second-homesteading-rule/"> In Defense of Napster and Against the Second Homesteading Rule</a> (by Lew Rockwell)
fr: <i><a href="https://www.lewrockwell.com/2000/09/stephan-kinsella/in-defense-of-napster-and-against-the-second-homesteading-rule/">In Defense of Napster and Against the Second Homesteading Rule</a></i> (Pour la défense de Napster et contre la « deuxième règle d'appropriation »<a id="TransNote2-rev" href="#TransNote2"><sup>2</sup></a>), par Lew Rockwell

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1841]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2170/2170-h/2170-h.htm#2H_4_0018"> Speech by British historian Thomas Macaulay</a> &mdash; He had ideas about copyright in 1841 which still hold true today.
fr: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2170/2170-h/2170-h.htm#2H_4_0018">Discours de l'historien britannique Thomas Macaulay</a> – Il avait des idées sur le copyright en 1841 qui sont toujours valables aujourd'hui.

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: The propaganda term &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;
fr: Le terme de propagande « propriété intellectuelle »

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: The GNU Project <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">rejects</a> the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; for spreading confusion; we urge everyone to reject it entirely.
fr: Le projet GNU <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">rejette</a> le terme « propriété intellectuelle », source de confusion ; nous demandons instamment à chacun de faire de même.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2003]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://reason.com/2003/03/01/creation-myths-2/"> Creation Myths: Does innovation require intellectual property rights?</a> (by Douglas Clement)  &mdash; Some economists argue that copyright and patents fail to promote the progress that they supposedly exist to promote.
fr: <i><a href="https://reason.com/2003/03/01/creation-myths-2/">Creation Myths: Does innovation require intellectual property rights?</a></i> (Mythes de la création : est-ce que l'innovation exige des droits de propriété intellectuelle?), par Douglas Clement  – Plusieurs économistes exposent les raisons pour lesquelles le copyright et les brevets ne réussissent pas à promouvoir le progrès, objectif ayant présidé à leur création.

note: type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
en: <em>Note:</em>&nbsp; This article takes a narrowly economic view of its subject, measuring social alternatives only by what goods are available for what price, assuming that you the citizen are a mere consumer and place no value on your freedom in itself.  It also uses the misleading term &ldquo;<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">intellectual property</a>,&rdquo; which is misleading because it lumps copyrights and patents together.  The article also lumps them together, which it can get away with because it ignores the (different) social issues that copyrights and patents raise.
fr: <em>Note: </em> Cet article adopte une vision économique étroite du sujet, mesurant les alternatives sociales en termes de disponibilité et de prix des marchandises en supposant que vous, le citoyen, êtes un simple consommateur et ne donnez aucune valeur à votre liberté. Il utilise également l'expression trompeuse « <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">propriété intellectuelle</a> » (trompeuse, car elle met dans le même sac copyright et brevets), ce qui ne le dérange pas car il ignore les enjeux sociétaux (différents) des copyright et des brevets.

note: type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
en: Despite those flaws, it is significant. If one can judge copyright to be harmful even on narrow economic terms, disregarding the ethical wrong of stopping people from sharing, it can only be even more harmful when we consider the ethics as well.
fr: Malgré ces défauts, il est important. Si l'on peut juger le copyright dangereux sur le plan strictement économique, sans tenir compte de la faute éthique que représente l'interdiction du partage, il ne peut être que plus dangereux encore lorsqu'on prend aussi en compte l'éthique.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2001]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/howard/Papers/pw-public-spaces.html"> Intellectual Property: The Attack on Public Space in Cyberspace</a> (by Howard Besser)  &mdash; This article describes how various industries are using their leverage with copyright to make fewer locations on the Internet less and less public.
fr: <i><a href="https://besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/howard/Papers/pw-public-spaces.html">Intellectual Property: The Attack on Public Space in Cyberspace</a></i> (Propriété intellectuelle : l'attaque de l'espace public dans le cyberspace), par Howard Besser – Cet article décrit comment différentes industries utilisent leur influence par le biais du copyright pour réduire le nombre des lieux publics sur Internet et les rendre de moins en moins publics.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2001]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/15_2/15_2_1.pdf"> Against Intellectual Property</a> (by Stephan Kinsella)
fr: <a href="http://www.stephankinsella.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/trans/Kinsella,%20Against%20Intellectual%20Property-French.pdf">Contre la Propriété Intellectuelle</a>, par Stephan Kinsella, traduit par Stéphane Geyres et Daivy Merlijs

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1995]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202063805/http://freenation.org/a/f31l1.html"> The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights</a> (by Roderick T. Long)
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202063805/http://freenation.org/a/f31l1.html">The Libertarian Case Against Intellectual Property Rights</a></i> (Le plaidoyer libertarien contre les droits de propriété intellectuelle), par Roderick T. Long

note: type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
en: <em>Note:</em>&nbsp; The Free Software Movement does not endorse Libertarianism, and <a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html"> we do not agree entirely</a> with that article.  But it is useful for refuting one specific argument that is made in favor of proprietary software.
fr: <em>Note :</em> Le mouvement du logiciel libre ne soutient pas les idées libertariennes, et <a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">nous ne sommes pas complètement d'accord</a> avec cet article. Mais il est utile pour réfuter un argument spécifique qui est donné en faveur du logiciel privateur.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1994]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html"> A primer on the ethics of &ldquo;Intellectual property&rdquo;</a> (by Ram Samudrala)
fr: <i><a href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html">A primer on the ethics of &ldquo;Intellectual property&rdquo;</a></i> (Une introduction à l'éthique de la « propriété intellectuelle »), par Ram Samudrala

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: Response to SCO's attacks
fr: Réponse aux attaques de SCO

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2003]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807055230/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1010603/groklaw-sends-dear-darl-letter"> Groklaw sends a Dear Darl letter</a> (by Egan Orion)  &mdash; A group from the free software and open source community has put together a response to SCO CEO Darl McBride's Open Letter to the Open Source Community.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807055230/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1010603/groklaw-sends-dear-darl-letter">Groklaw sends a Dear Darl letter</a></i> (Groklaw écrit à son « cher Darl »), par Egan Orion – Un groupe de la communauté du logiciel libre et open source répond à la lettre ouverte du PDG de SCO, Darl McBride, à la communauté open source.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2003]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6913"> &ldquo;Hey SCO, Sue Me&rdquo;: What's Next?</a> (by Taran Rampersad)  &mdash; In the last available public communication about the SCO Sue Me Petition, its author (John Everitt) urged people to help the <a href="https://www.fsf.org">FSF</a> in any way possible. He was expecting only several responses, but instead he had thousands of participants.
fr: <i><a href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6913">&ldquo;Hey SCO, Sue Me&rdquo;: What's Next?</a></i> (« Eh SCO, fais-moi un procès » – suite) par Taran Rampersad – Dans la dernière communication publique disponible sur cette pétition, son auteur (John Everitt) pressait les gens d'aider la <a href="https://www.fsf.org">FSF</a> de toutes les façons possibles. Il s'attendait seulement à recevoir quelques réponses, mais au lieu de cela, il y a eu des milliers de participants.

note: type: Content of: <div><h3>
en: Cultural and Social Issues
fr: Enjeux culturels et sociétaux

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: General
fr: Sujet généraux

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2008]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/tblee/trouble-free-riding"> The Trouble with &ldquo;Free Riding&rdquo;</a> (by Timothy B. Lee)
fr: <i><a href="http://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/tblee/trouble-free-riding">The Trouble with &ldquo;Free Riding&rdquo;</a></i> (Le problème du parasitisme), par Timothy B. Lee

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1999]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/economics_frank/frank.html"> Does Studying Economics Inhibit Cooperation?</a> (by Robert H. Frank, Thomas Gilovich, and Dennis T. Regan)
fr: <i><a href="/philosophy/economics_frank/frank.html">Does Studying Economics Inhibit Cooperation?</a></i> (Le fait d'étudier l'économie inhibe-t-il l'esprit de coopération ?), par Robert H. Frank, Thomas Gilovich et Dennis T. Regan

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1998]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/self-interest.html"> Is self-interest sufficient to organize a free economy?</a> (by Loyd Fueston)
fr: <a href="/philosophy/self-interest.html">L'intérêt personnel est-il suffisant pour organiser une économie libre ?</a>, par Loyd Fueston

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: Digital society
fr: Société numérique

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2008]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://pedro.jmrezende.com.br/trabs/Stockholm.pdf"> The Digital Stockholm Syndrome</a> (by Pedro Rezende)  &mdash; Reflections over some psychological responses to market forces.
fr: <i><a href="https://pedro.jmrezende.com.br/trabs/Stockholm.pdf">The Digital Stockholm Syndrome</a></i> (Le syndrome de Stockholm numérique), par Pedro Rezende – réflexions sur certaines réponses psychologiques aux forces du marché.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2002]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html"> Introduction by Lawrence Lessig</a> to <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition"> <cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>
fr: <a href="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html">Introduction de Lawrence Lessig</a> à <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a> (Logiciel libre, société libre : essais choisis de Richard M. Stallman)

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1999]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409233705/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~digger/596/werry_comm.pdf"> Imagined Electronic Community: Representations of Virtual Community in Contemporary Business Discourse</a> (by Chris Werry)
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409233705/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~digger/596/werry_comm.pdf">Imagined Electronic Community: Representations of Virtual Community in Contemporary Business Discourse</a></i> (La communauté électronique imaginaire : représentations de la communauté virtuelle dans le discours du monde des affaires contemporain), par Chris Werry

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1999]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://danny.oz.au/freedom/ip/aidfs.html"> Development, Ethical Trading, and Free Software</a> (by Danny Yee)
fr: <i><a href="http://danny.oz.au/freedom/ip/aidfs.html">Development, Ethical Trading, and Free Software</a></i> (Développement, commerce éthique et logiciel libre), par Danny Yee

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1999?]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/kragen-software.html"> People, places, things and ideas</a> (by Kragen Sitaker)
fr: <a href="/philosophy/kragen-software.html">Les gens, les lieux, les choses et les idées</a>, par Kragen Sitaker

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1996]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.html"> Shaping Collaborative ICT Development and Initiatives for Global Prosperity</a> (by Robert J. Chassell)
fr: <a href="/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.html">Façonner le développement et les projets collaboratifs dans les TIC pour la prospérité mondiale</a>, par Robert J. Chassell

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: Accessing culture
fr: Accès à la culture

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2003]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://law.duke.edu/pd/papers/boyle.pdf"> The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain</a> (by James Boyle)
fr: <i><a href="https://law.duke.edu/pd/papers/boyle.pdf">The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain</a></i> (Le mouvement de la deuxième enceinte et la construction du domaine public), par James Boyle

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2000-2003]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery/"> Gallery of CSS Descramblers</a> (by D.S. Touretzky)  &mdash; Examples demonstrating how outrageous and absurd the Digital Millennium Copyright Act is.
fr: <i><a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery/">Gallery of CSS Descramblers</a></i> (galerie des décodeurs de DVD), par D.S. Touretzky – Exemples démontrant combien la loi sur le copyright du millénaire numérique <i>[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]</i> est scandaleuse et absurde.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2002]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020222080928/www.byte.com/documents/s=2302/byt1011380870846/"> Coding is a Crime</a> (by Shannon Cochran)  &mdash; A commentary on the indictment of Jon Johansen on felony charges for helping write DeCSS.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020222080928/www.byte.com/documents/s=2302/byt1011380870846/">Coding is a Crime</a></i> (Coder est un délit), par Shannon Cochran – Un commentaire sur l'inculpation de Jon Johansen pour avoir aidé à écrire DeCSS.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2002]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502161838/http://www.openrevolt.org/"> openrevolt.org</a> &mdash; This site was devoted to providing information about the European Copyright Directive and similar legislation.  It concentrated on the two principal problems of the EUCD, which make it easier for copyright holders to censor webpages on ISPs and give legal protection to copy-protection measures.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502161838/http://www.openrevolt.org/">openrevolt.org</a></i> – C'était un site d'information sur la directive européenne sur le droit d'auteur et lois similaires. Il se concentrait sur les deux problèmes principaux de l'<abbr title="European Union Copyright Directive">EUCD</abbr> : faciliter aux détenteurs de copyright la censure de pages web chez les fournisseurs de services Internet et donner une protection juridique aux mesures de protection contre la copie.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1998]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/98il/"> Information liberation</a> (by Brian Martin), published by Freedom Press
fr: <cite><a href="http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/98il/">Information liberation</a></cite> (libération de l'information), par Brian Martin, publié par Freedom Press

note: type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
en: <em>Note:</em>&nbsp; We urge people to avoid using the term <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">intellectual property</a>, and to instead speak about copyrights, patents, and/or trademarks.
fr: <em>Note :</em> Évitez d'utiliser le terme <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">propriété intellectuelle</a>. Parlez plutôt de copyrights, de brevets ou de marques.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1998]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991012082619/http://simson.net/clips/98.Globe.05-07.Read_them_and_weep.htm"> Read Them and Weep</a> (by Simson Garfinkel)  &mdash; This article talks about the pending bills that would give information owners sweeping new powers, and restrict the activities of users.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991012082619/http://simson.net/clips/98.Globe.05-07.Read_them_and_weep.htm">Read Them And Weep</a></i> (Lisez-les et pleurez), par Simson Garfinkel – Commentaires sur des projets de loi qui donneraient aux propriétaires de l'information de nouveaux pouvoirs extraordinaires et restreindraient les activités des utilisateurs.

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: Funding cultural works
fr: Financement des œuvres culturelles

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1993]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://genius.com/Steve-albini-the-problem-with-music-annotated"> The Problem With Music</a> (by Steve Albini)  &mdash; Record companies argue for more copyright power by saying they are the support of musicians. This article shows how they really treat musicians.
fr: <i><a href="https://genius.com/Steve-albini-the-problem-with-music-annotated">The Problem With Music</a></i> (Le problème de la musique), par Steve Albini – L'industrie du disque demande plus de pouvoir de copyright, arguant du fait qu'elle est le soutien des musiciens. Cet article montre comment les maisons de disques traitent effectivement les musiciens.

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: Digital restrictions management and treacherous computing
fr: Gestion numérique des restrictions et informatique déloyale

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2022]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/you-the-problem-tpm2-solves.html"> You, the Problem TPM2 Solves</a> (by Chao-Kuei Hung)
fr: <a href="/philosophy/you-the-problem-tpm2-solves.html">C'est vous, le problème que résout TPM2</a>, par Chao-Kuei Hung

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2006]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://www.informationweek.com/it-life/how-vista-lets-microsoft-lock-users-in"> How Vista Lets Microsoft Lock Users In</a> (by Cory Doctorow)
fr: <i><a href="https://www.informationweek.com/it-life/how-vista-lets-microsoft-lock-users-in">How Vista Lets Microsoft Lock Users In</a></i> (Comment Vista permet à Microsoft de verrouiller les utilisateurs), par Cory Doctorow.

note: type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
en: <em>Note:</em>&nbsp; We think it is a mistake to use the enemy's favorable-sounding propaganda terms such as &ldquo;trusted computing&rdquo; to describe a malicious plan.
fr: <em>Note :</em> Nous pensons que c'est une erreur d'utiliser des termes de propagande de l'ennemi qui paraissent favorables, tels qu'« informatique de confiance », pour décrire un projet malfaisant.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2006]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060313152550/http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/editorials/4788/1/"> <cite>Hardware Central</cite> editorial</a> (by Eric Grevstad)  &mdash; Among other things, it discusses Microsoft's &ldquo;Trusted Computing.&rdquo;
fr: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060313152550/http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/editorials/4788/1/">Éditorial de <cite>Hardware Central</cite></a>, par Eric Grevstad – Il parle entre autres de l'« informatique de confiance » prônée par Microsoft.

note: type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
en: <em>Note:</em>&nbsp; We disagree with one aspect of this article's conclusion: it's not legitimate for Microsoft to help Disney and the RIAA impose Digital Restrictions Management on you, any more than it is legitimate for Disney and the RIAA to try it.  The full power of computing should be available to you, not just to the owners of information.
fr: <em>Note :</em> Nous ne sommes pas d'accord avec un aspect de la conclusion de cet article : il n'est pas légitime pour Microsoft d'aider Disney et la RIAA à vous imposer la gestion numérique des restrictions (<abbr title="Digital Restrictions Management">DRM</abbr>), pas plus qu'il n'est légitime pour Disney et la RIAA d'essayer de le faire. Toute la puissance de votre ordinateur doit vous être accessible à vous, et pas seulement à ceux qui sont propriétaires de l'information.

note: type: Content of: <div><h4>
en: Surveillance, censorship, lock-in, etc.
fr: Surveillance, censure, verrouillage, etc.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2006]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/"> Free gadgets need free software</a> (by Jonathan Corbet)  &mdash; An editorial reporting a firmware &ldquo;upgrade&rdquo; that removes the ability to record radio broadcasts.
fr: <i><a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/">Free gadgets need free software</a></i> (Les gadgets libres nécessitent du logiciel libre) par Jonathan Corbet – Un éditorial qui rapporte comment une « mise à jour » de firmware supprime la possibilité d'enregistrer des programmes radiodiffusés.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2006]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/194701/"> A couple of lessons on the hazards of proprietary software</a> (by Jonathan Corbet)
fr: <i><a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/194701/">A couple of lessons on the hazards of proprietary software</a></i> (Deux leçons sur les dangers du logiciel privateur), par Jonathan Corbet

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2006]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="http://southflorida.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2006/07/03/story8.html"> Multiple doctors cut off from records by Dr. Notes</a> (by Brian Bandell)  &mdash; An example of how proprietary software gives the developers unjust power over the users.
fr: <i><a href="http://southflorida.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2006/07/03/story8.html">Multiple doctors cut off from records by Dr. Notes</a></i> (Plusieurs médecins coupés de leurs dossiers par Dr Notes) – Un exemple de la façon dont le logiciel privateur donne aux développeurs un pouvoir injuste sur les utilisateurs.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2000]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064842/http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html"> GNU/Linux discrimination at UCLA</a> (by Dan Helfman)  &mdash; One part of their justification is supporting the power of software owners.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064842/http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html">GNU/Linux discrimination at UCLA</a></i> (Discrimination contre GNU/Linux par l'Université de Californie à Los Angeles), par Dan Helfman – Elle est basée en partie sur leur soutien au pouvoir des propriétaires de logiciel.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [1999]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723003646/http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/2/2898/1.html"> Only NSA can listen, so that's OK</a>, and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407145549/https://www.telepolis.de/features/How-NSA-access-was-built-into-Windows-3444341.html"> How NSA access was built into Windows</a> (both by Duncan Campbell)  &mdash; These articles describe how NSA backdoors were hidden in proprietary software programs.  Both are clear demonstrations of how users of proprietary software can often be unaware of what they are actually running.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723003646/http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/2/2898/1.html">Only NSA can listen, so that's OK</a></i> (Seule la NSA peut écouter, alors c'est OK) et <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407145549/https://www.telepolis.de/features/How-NSA-access-was-built-into-Windows-3444341.html">How NSA access was built into Windows</a></i> (Comment un accès pour la NSA a été intégré à Windows), tous deux par Duncan Campbell – Ces articles décrivent comment des portes dérobées <i>[backdoors]</i> de la NSA ont été cachées dans des logiciels privateurs. Ils démontrent clairement que les utilisateurs de logiciel privateur peuvent souvent ne pas être conscients de ce qui s'exécute en fait sur leur machine.

note: type: Content of: <div><h3>
en: Philosophical Humor
fr: Humour philosophique

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2011]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://maxbarry.com/2011/03/23/news.html"> Tomato parable</a> (by Max Barry)
fr: <i><a href="https://maxbarry.com/2011/03/23/news.html">Tomato parable</a></i> (Parabole des tomates), par Max Barry

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2009]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924041236/http://www.gianoziaorientale.org/info/foreign_politics.html"> Eastern Gianozia</a> &mdash; A tongue-in-cheek look at software patents and DRM.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924041236/http://www.gianoziaorientale.org/info/foreign_politics.html">Eastern Gianozia</a></i> – Un regard ironique sur les brevets logiciels et les DRM.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2001]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118053107/http://wearcam.org/seatsale/index.htm"> Seat Sale</a> (by Steve Mann)  &mdash; A satire about copyright.
fr: <i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118053107/http://wearcam.org/seatsale/index.htm">Seat Sale</a></i> (Siège à vendre) – Une satire à propos du copyright.

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2000]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a href="/philosophy/bdk.html"> The Ballad of Dennis Karjala</a> (by Timothy R. Phillips)  &mdash; A political comment in the form of a broadside ballad.
fr: <a href="/philosophy/bdk.html">La ballade de Dennis Karjala</a> – Un commentaire politique sous forme de complainte du 16e siècle <i>[broadside ballad]</i>, par Timothy R. Phillips

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2000]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a id="Copyrightfire" href="/philosophy/fire.html"> Copyrighting Fire!</a> (by Ian Clarke)
fr: <a id="Copyrightfire" href="/philosophy/fire.html">Le feu sous copyright !</a>, par Ian Clarke

note: #set var='DATE' value='<span class="date-tag"> [2000]</span>' #echo encoding='none' var='DATE' type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
en: <a id="INFOTECH" href="http://www.praxagora.com/andyo/professional/infirmation_technology.html"> The Future Brings &ldquo;Infirmation Technology&rdquo;</a> (by Andy Oram)
fr: <i><a id="INFOTECH" href="http://www.praxagora.com/andyo/professional/infirmation_technology.html">The Future Brings &ldquo;Infirmation Technology&rdquo;</a></i> (L'avenir apporte la « technologie de l'infirmation »), par Andy Oram

note: TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. type: Content of: <div>
en: *GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*
fr: <hr /><b>Notes de traduction</b><ol>
    <li><a id="TransNote1" href="#TransNote1-rev" class="nounderline">&#8593;</a> 
    La plupart de ces articles sont an anglais.</li>
    <li><a id="TransNote2" href="#TransNote2-rev" class="nounderline">&#8593;</a> 
    Voir <a href="http://www.stephankinsella.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/trans/Kinsella,%20Against%20Intellectual%20Property-French.pdf">Contre la Propriété Intellectuelle</a>, de Stephan Kinsella, traduit par Stéphane Geyres et Daivy Merlijs, p. 50 : « Une personne qui a une idée utile ou créative qui peut guider ou diriger un acteur dans l’utilisation de ses propres biens tangibles obtient ainsi aussitôt le droit de contrôler l’utilisation similaire de tous les autres biens tangibles dans le monde. »</li>
    </ol>

note: type: Content of: <div><div><p>
en: Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
fr: Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à &lt;<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">gnu@gnu.org</a>&gt;. Il existe aussi <a href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. Les liens orphelins et autres corrections ou suggestions peuvent être signalés à &lt;<a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">webmasters@gnu.org</a>&gt;.

note: TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, replace it with the translation of these two: We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard to <a hr
en: Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html"> Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.
fr: Merci d'adresser vos commentaires sur les pages en français à &lt;<a href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org">trad-gnu@april.org</a>&gt;, et sur les traductions en général à &lt;<a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">web-translators@gnu.org</a>&gt;. Si vous souhaitez y contribuer, vous trouverez dans le <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">guide de traduction</a> les infos nécessaires.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Copyright &copy; 1996-2009, 2015, 2022, 2023, 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
fr: Copyright &copy; 1996-2009, 2015, 2022-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

note: type: Content of: <div><p>
en: This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.
fr: Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.fr">Creative Commons attribution, pas de modification, 4.0 internationale (CC BY-ND 4.0)</a>.

note: TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. type: Content of: <div><div>
en: *GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*
fr: Traduction : Cédric Corazza<br /> Révision : <a href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org">trad-gnu@april.org</a>

note: timestamp start type: Content of: <div><p>
en: Updated:
fr: Dernière mise à jour :
